{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:35:07Z","timestamp":1793900107900,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Faisal University","award":["KFU262010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU262010"]}]},{"award":["KFU262010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU262010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PNURSP2026R141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PNURSP2026R141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R141"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b0cyh02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This investigation aims to assess the potential for repurposing nitazoxanide (NIT) as a treatment for COVID-19. NIT was loaded into terpene-enriched chondrosomes (TECs) to assess its anti-hCoV-19 activity through pulmonary delivery. Methods: NIT-TECs were then fabricated utilizing the ethanol injection method. Using a D-optimal design, the effects of factors on entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP) were determined, and the optimal formulation was selected. Results: The optimum TEC exhibited an EE% of 98.87 \u00b1 0.69, a PS of 129.43 \u00b1 5.43 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.433 \u00b1 0.022, and a ZP of \u221225.99 \u00b1 0.99 mV. The optimum TEC was lyophilized to attain a dry powder. Further, the differential scanning calorimetry test confirmed that NIT was transformed from crystalline to amorphous form inside the optimum TEC. In addition, the mucoadhesion test confirmed the ability of the optimum TECs to adhere to pulmonary tissues. Additionally, NIT binding to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 enzymes was investigated using in silico analysis. When compared to NIT, the aerodynamic characteristics of the lyophilized optimum TECs employing the cascade impactor showed superior residence in the lungs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that loading NIT into TECs enhanced its antiviral activity, as indicated by the in vitro cytotoxicity study. Overall, the results point to NIT-loaded TECs as a potentially effective pulmonary delivery system for COVID-19 treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19050702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Terpene-Enriched Nitazoxanide-Loaded Chondrosomes: Aerodynamic Characterization and In Silico Evaluation of Antiviral Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rofida","family":"Albash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza 12585, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Morsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharigatta N.","family":"Venugopala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pottathil","family":"Shinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira B.","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damnhour University, Damanhur 22516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5918-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moaz A.","family":"Eltabeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza 12585, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Ahmad Farouk, I., and Lal, S.K. (2021). COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention. 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