{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:12Z","timestamp":1785403632197,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2022R1FA1063012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1FA1063012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["NRF-2022R1FA1063012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1FA1063012"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-based immunotherapies require noninvasive tools that can quantify the migration, biodistribution, and persistence of administered immune cells. This review focuses primarily on oncologic immune cell therapy, while also considering selected inflammatory disease models in which immune-cell trafficking is biologically relevant. We critically compare direct radionuclide labeling, sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-based reporter gene imaging, radionuclide-integrated nanoplatforms, and Cerenkov-based hybrid optical conversion strategies. Direct labeling with agents such as [89Zr]Zr-oxine, [111In]In-oxine, and [99\u1d50Tc]Tc-HMPAO enables early positron emission tomography (PET)\/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) biodistribution assessment, usually within hours to several days after cell administration. NIS reporter imaging with [124I]NaI, [123I]NaI, [99\u1d50Tc]TcO4\u2212, or [18F]TFB supports repeated viability-dependent imaging, because signal generation depends on active transporter expression in living engineered cells. Radionuclide-integrated gold nanoplatforms can improve intracellular retention and offer theranostic potential through combined imaging, photothermal, radiotherapeutic, or immunomodulatory functions. We further discuss PET\/SPECT balance, radiopharmaceutical nomenclature, nanoparticle stabilization, ethical aspects of genetic modification, tumor-on-a-chip systems for preclinical testing, and limitations of narrative evidence synthesis. Together, these platforms provide complementary strategies for image-guided immune cell therapy, with translational relevance for patient selection, treatment optimization, safety monitoring, and oncology practice. In conclusion, NIS-centered nuclear imaging and radionuclide-integrated nanoplatforms represent complementary, clinically actionable tools for quantitative immune-cell tracking, therapeutic optimization, and safety monitoring in translational oncology and inflammatory disease research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19050790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:06:08Z","timestamp":1779465968000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NIS-Centered Reporter Gene Imaging and Radionuclide-Integrated Nanoplatforms for Quantitative Tracking of Immune Cell Therapy in Oncology and Inflammatory Disease Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Bong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SimVista Inc., Cheongju-si 28161, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/379458a0","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide transporter","volume":"379","author":"Dai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1358","article-title":"Cloning of the human sodium iodide symporter","volume":"226","author":"Smanik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. 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