{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:04Z","timestamp":1785411364688,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Center, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/51\/D\/NZ3\/0185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/51\/D\/NZ3\/0185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023\/51\/D\/NZ3\/0185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/51\/D\/NZ3\/0185"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a significant clinical challenge, largely due to the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Treatment is further complicated by biofilm formation, which reduces antibiotic efficacy. The limitations of conventional therapies highlight the need for alternative approaches. Phage therapy has emerged as a promising biological strategy; however, its effectiveness may be constrained by factors such as phage instability and biofilm regrowth. This study aimed to enhance phage-based treatment by combining a newly isolated phage, vB_Sau-E, with lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional protein of the innate immune system. Methods: Phage vB_Sau-E was characterized in terms of its infection dynamics and lytic activity. Biocompatibility was further examined using human skin cell lines. The potential effect of Lf was assessed by evaluating its impact on phage infectivity and stability under a range of environmental conditions and by checkerboard assay. Results: Phage vB_Sau-E belongs to the Silviavirus genus in the Herelleviridae family. It was shown to infect 12 out of 22 tested clinical MRSA isolates, with 10 strains identified as good hosts. The phage has a ~30 min life cycle, and ~50 progeny virions are released after bacterial cell lysis. We have also observed that Lf increased plating efficiency and enhanced phage stability at a pH of 5.5 and at \u221220\u00b0 C. It also proved to have an additive antibacterial effect, though this was observed to be strain-dependent. Conclusions: Lactoferrin functions as a stabilizing adjuvant for phage vB_Sau-E. Its additive effect supports the development of more effective, biofilm-targeting therapies for staphylococcal SSTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1779687234000},"page":"808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactoferrin Displays Stimulating and Protective Effects on Newly Isolated Phage vB_Sau-E: A New Perspective for Treatment of Staphylococcal Skin Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Urszula","family":"Leszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-204 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Stasi\u0142oj\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0141-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Grzenkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-204 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"J.S. Hamilton Poland Sp. z o.o., 81-571 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9806-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Narajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-308 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Necel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-204 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9222-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Piechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-204 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kosznik-Kwa\u015bnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-204 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"\u017bywicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3466","article-title":"Skin Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"100","author":"Giudice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.10.003","article-title":"Staphylococcal Skin and Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"35","author":"Hatlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. 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