{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:15:11Z","timestamp":1784916911316,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D], exerts its biological effects through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating the expression of genes involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, immune modulation, and cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition to direct transcriptional regulation, 1,25(OH)2D signaling also involves epigenetic mechanisms. A total of 90 studies were included in this narrative review, comprising experimental studies (n = 45), observational studies (n = 17), population-based studies (n = 8), interventional studies (n = 15), and mixed-design studies (n = 5). Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D may affect several major epigenetic regulatory pathways, including chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the expression of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs. Preclinical evidence suggests that the epigenetic actions of 1,25(OH)2D are involved in metabolic regulation, immune responses, bone development, fibrotic processes, carcinogenesis, ageing, and fetal programming. However, evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials remains limited and inconclusive. Some studies have reported alterations in miRNA expression, methylation of selected loci, and epigenetic age markers. The clinical relevance of 1,25(OH)2D\u2013mediated epigenetic regulation has not yet been fully established. The interpretation of available findings is limited by substantial heterogeneity in study populations, exposure and intervention protocols, environmental factors, interindividual variability in response to vitamin D supplementation associated with genetic polymorphisms and methylation status, and the restricted range of analyzed cell types. This subject requires randomized controlled trials integrating molecular endpoints with clinically relevant outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:04:14Z","timestamp":1780913054000},"page":"906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D-Related Signaling and Epigenetic Regulation: Evidence from Experimental, Observational, and Interventional Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0125-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Cichocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia Barbara","family":"G\u00f3rczy\u0144ska-Kosiorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Gumprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.037","article-title":"Why \u201cVitamin D\u201d is not a hormone, and not a synonym for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, its analogs or deltanoids","volume":"89","author":"Vieth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4888","article-title":"Health Effects of Vitamin D supplementation: Lessons Learned from Randomized Controlled Trials and Mendelian Randomization Studies","volume":"38","author":"Bouillon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0383","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor signaling and its therapeutic implications: Genome-wide and structural view","volume":"93","author":"Carlberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoenngam, N., and Holick, M.F. (2020). Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00593-z","article-title":"The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: Evidence from human studies","volume":"18","author":"Bouillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henn, M., Martin-Gorgojo, V., and Martin-Moreno, J.M. (2022). Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention: Gaps in Current Knowledge and Room for Hope. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214512"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2022). Vitamin D and Its Target Genes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071354"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.018","article-title":"An update on vitamin D signaling and cancer","volume":"79","author":"Carlberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurminen, V., Seuter, S., and Carlberg, C. (2019). Primary Vitamin D Target Genes of Human Monocytes. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00194"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetahu, I.S., H\u00f6baus, J., and K\u00e1llay, E. (2014). Vitamin D and the epigenome. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00164"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.011","article-title":"Epigenetics, cellular memory and gene regulation","volume":"14","author":"Henikoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.135","article-title":"Chromatin: Constructing the big picture","volume":"30","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, O., and Thakur, J. (2021). Molecular Complexes at Euchromatin, Heterochromatin and Centromeric Chromatin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136922"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.7.2.18764","article-title":"Basic concepts of epigenetics","volume":"7","author":"Mazzio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.112","article-title":"Organization and function of the 3D genome","volume":"17","author":"Bonev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00662-1","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Nemeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.62.e50204.","article-title":"Vitamin D: A Review of its Effects on Epigenetics and Gene Regulation","volume":"62","author":"Snegarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101612","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Mass","volume":"36","author":"Curtis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.11.6.19508","article-title":"Vitamin D has wide regulatory effects on histone demethylase genes","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.10.018","article-title":"The vitamin D-dependent transcriptome of human monocytes","volume":"164","author":"Neme","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190705193227","article-title":"Vitamin D: A Micronutrient Regulating Genes","volume":"25","author":"Carlberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5236","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs as regulators in epigenetics","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.01.001","article-title":"MicroRNAs are altered by vitamin D3 metabolites","volume":"136","author":"Giangreco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunmwonyi, I., Adebajo, A., and Wilkinson, J.M. (2022). Nutritional rickets and epigenetics. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1059034"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00566-8","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: Definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Mattick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.10","article-title":"Unique features of long non-coding RNA biogenesis and function","volume":"17","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000733","article-title":"Sources of vitamin D for humans","volume":"92","author":"Benedik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Adler, R.A., Ahmed, S.F., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., and Dungan, K. (2026, January 26). Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, and Mechanism of Action, Endotext, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK278935\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: Case report and review","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.016","article-title":"Molecular endocrinology of vitamin D on the epigenome level","volume":"453","author":"Carlberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13148-011-0021-y","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D metabolism on clinical epigenetics","volume":"2","author":"Karlic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.02.024","article-title":"Regulation of the vitamin D receptor gene by environment, genetics and epigenetics","volume":"561","author":"Saccone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1519","article-title":"Epigenome-wide effects of vitamin D and their impact on the transcriptome of human monocytes involve CTCF","volume":"44","author":"Seuter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C., and Velleuer, E. (2024). Vitamin D and Aging: Central Role of Immunocompetence. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030398"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R45","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0246","article-title":"Genome-wide effects of chromatin on vitamin D signaling","volume":"64","author":"Hanel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"S57","article-title":"The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: Molecular actions and disease states","volume":"154","author":"Haussler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.08.018","article-title":"The vitamin D receptor functions as a transcription regulator in the absence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107920.110","article-title":"A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: Associations with disease and evolution","volume":"20","author":"Ramagopalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2014). Genome-wide (over)view on the actions of vitamin D. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00167"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"32831","article-title":"Chromatin and transcriptional dynamics underlying the immune-modulatory effects of vitamin D3 in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Zawrotna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109271","article-title":"Genomic signaling of vitamin D","volume":"198","author":"Carlberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr399","article-title":"KDM6B\/JMJD3 histone demethylase is induced by vitamin D and modulates its effects in colon cancer cells","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq820","article-title":"Cyclical regulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 gene in response to 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"39","author":"Malinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1678","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615783114","article-title":"Functional genomics analysis of vitamin D effects on CD4+ T cells in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"114","author":"Zeitelhofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2013.10.003","article-title":"Dynamics of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent chromatin accessibility of early vitamin D receptor target genes","volume":"1829","author":"Seuter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1455","article-title":"VDR-Alien: A novel, DNA-selective vitamin D(3) receptor-corepressor partnership","volume":"14","author":"Polly","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moln\u00e1r, F. (2014). Structural considerations of vitamin D signaling. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00191"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24847","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor and RXR in the Post-Genomic Era","volume":"230","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, M.J. (2014). Vitamin D and the RNA transcriptome: More than mRNA regulation. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00181"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2018.05.006","article-title":"The impact of the vitamin D-modulated epigenome on VDR target gene regulation","volume":"1861","author":"Nurminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.09.005","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induced Histone Profiles Guide Discovery of VDR Action Sites","volume":"144","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.10.011","article-title":"Genomic Determinants of Vitamin D-Regulated Gene Expression","volume":"100","author":"Pike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm913","article-title":"Distinct HDACs regulate the transcriptional response of human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes to trichostatin A and 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"36","author":"Malinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"110244","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor, STAT3, and TET2 cooperate to establish tolerogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Ciudad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02002.x","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in anti-cancer actions of bioactive food components\u2014The implications in cancer prevention","volume":"167","author":"Stefanska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170042","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes","volume":"474","author":"Berridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.01.018","article-title":"In vitro exposure of human blood mononuclear cells to active vitamin D does not induce substantial change to DNA methylation on a genome-scale","volume":"141","author":"Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"6","article-title":"The association between personal sun exposure, serum vitamin D and global methylation in human lymphocytes in a population of healthy adults in South Australia","volume":"765","author":"Dhillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"649","article-title":"Effect of 1 year B and D vitamin supplementation on LINE-1 repetitive element methylation in older subjects","volume":"51","author":"Geisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15924-x","article-title":"Characterization of methylation patterns associated with lifestyle factors and vitamin D supplementation in a healthy elderly cohort from Southwest Sweden","volume":"12","author":"Ulfenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Bhagatwala, J., Huang, Y., Pollock, N.K., Parikh, S., Raed, A., Gutin, B., Harshfield, G.A., and Dong, Y. (2016). Race\/Ethnicity-Specific Association of Vitamin D and Global DNA Methylation: Cross-Sectional and Interventional Findings. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162582"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00581-9","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation is associated with slower epigenetic aging","volume":"44","author":"Vetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa101","article-title":"Epigenetic Clock and Leukocyte Telomere Length Are Associated with Vitamin D Status but not with Functional Assessments and Frailty in the Berlin Aging Study II","volume":"75","author":"Vetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly253","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels as an Aging Marker: Strong Associations with Age and All-Cause Mortality Independent From Telomere Length, Epigenetic Age Acceleration, and 8-Isoprostane Levels","volume":"74","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly223","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Epigenetic Aging in Overweight and Obese African Americans with Suboptimal Vitamin D Status: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"895","article-title":"One-year Mediterranean diet promotes epigenetic rejuvenation with country- and sex-specific effects: A pilot study from the NU-AGE project","volume":"41","author":"Gensous","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251360230","article-title":"Preliminary longitudinal epigenetic clock analyses of patients with mild cognitive impairment through nutritional intervention","volume":"107","author":"Minami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00109","article-title":"ffectiveness of Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency Screening and Treatment Program: A Stratified Randomized Field Trial","volume":"8","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0276-4","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D depletion alters DNA methylation at imprinted loci in multiple generations","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18770-4","article-title":"The effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy on body fat and adipogenesis in rat offspring","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3316-7","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy results in insulin resistance in rat offspring, which is associated with inflammation and I\u03bab\u03b1 methylation","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-022-00711-0","article-title":"Early life vitamin D depletion and mechanical loading determine methylation changes in the RUNX2, RXRA, and osterix promoters in mice","volume":"17","author":"Krstic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1459","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00141.2016","article-title":"Parental vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with increased blood pressure in offspring via Panx1 hypermethylation","volume":"311","author":"Meems","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413815","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2024.2413815","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of prenatal vitamin D insufficiency and cord blood DNA methylation","volume":"19","author":"Diemer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozhui, K., Smith, A.K., and Tylavsky, F.A. (2015). Ancestry Dependent DNA Methylation and Influence of Maternal Nutrition. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118466"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.160","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D, DNA methylation at imprint regulatory regions, and offspring weight at birth, 1 year, and 3 years","volume":"42","author":"Neelon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0231","article-title":"Effects of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on the Maternal and Infant Epigenome","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.07.012","article-title":"First trimester vitamin D status and placental epigenomics in preeclampsia among Northern Plains primiparas","volume":"129","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3603","article-title":"Gestational Vitamin D Supplementation Leads to Reduced Perinatal RXRA DNA Methylation: Results From the MAVIDOS Trial","volume":"34","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2056","article-title":"Childhood bone mineral content is associated with methylation status of the RXRA promoter at birth","volume":"29","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00044-9","article-title":"Maternal gestational vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone health (MAVIDOS): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1734148","article-title":"Effects of Maternal Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Offspring Epigenetic Clock of Gestational Age at Birth: A Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz326","article-title":"Epigenetic aging in newborns: Role of maternal diet","volume":"111","author":"Phang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.173","article-title":"Epigenetics and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100125","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100125","article-title":"An Epigenetic Signature is Associated with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Colorectal Cancer Tumors","volume":"65","author":"Boughanem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12030","article-title":"Nutritional factors and gender influence age-related DNA methylation in the human rectal mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Tapp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellano-Castillo, D., Morcillo, S., Crujeiras, A.B., S\u00e1nchez-Alcoholado, L., Clemente-Postigo, M., Torres, E., Tinahones, F.J., and Macias-Gonzalez, M. (2019). Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and global DNA methylation in visceral adipose tissue from colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5226-4"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0493-0","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation and VDR expression and methylation in colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Morcillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2012.711418","article-title":"Vitamin D Intake Is Negatively Associated with Promoter Methylation of the Wnt Antagonist Gene DKK1 in a Large Group of Colorectal Cancer Patients","volume":"64","author":"Rawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00875-9","article-title":"Association between variation of circulating 25-OH vitamin D and methylation of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 in colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Boughanem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-025-01857-5","article-title":"The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on Dickkopf-1 methylation in colorectal cancer","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"249","article-title":"Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces de novo E-cadherin Expression in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells by CDH1-promoter Demethylation","volume":"32","author":"Lopez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-018-0994-y","article-title":"Vitamin D, DNA methylation, and breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Sandler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-023-01122-2","article-title":"Effect of epigenetics on vitamin D levels: A systematic review until December 2020","volume":"81","author":"Forouhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voltan, G., Cannito, M., Ferrarese, M., Ceccato, F., and Camozzi, V. (2023). Vitamin D: An Overview of Gene Regulation, Ranging from Metabolism to Genomic Effects. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091691"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.059","article-title":"A genome-wide methylation study of severe vitamin D deficiency in African American adolescents","volume":"162","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2016.04.010","article-title":"Relationship between methylation status of vitamin D-related genes, vitamin D levels, and methyl-donor biochemistry","volume":"6","author":"Beckett","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01371H","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D status is associated with interleukin-6 methylation in adipose tissue from patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Boughanem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.056","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D converting enzymes","volume":"121","author":"Wjst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0552-6","article-title":"Vitamin D and the promoter methylation of its metabolic pathway genes in association with the risk and prognosis of tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.004","article-title":"DNA Methylation Levels of CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 Predict Vitamin D Response Variation","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorde, R., Svartberg, J., Joakimsen, R.M., and Coucheron, D.H. (2012). Plasma profile of microRNA after supplementation with high doses of vitamin D3 for 12 months. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-245"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105425","article-title":"Vitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D3) regulates the gene expression through competing endogenous RNAs networks in high glucose-treated endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"193","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1276681","article-title":"Vitamin D limits inflammation-linked microRNA expression in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo: A new mechanism for the regulation of inflammation by vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Karkeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70003","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.70003","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates the content of inflammatory microRNAs in extracellular vesicles from human adipocyte cells in inflammatory context","volume":"51","author":"Rayet","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01757-x","article-title":"Aerobic training and vitamin D modulate hepatic miRNA expression to improve lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Hoseini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81230-3","article-title":"Vitamin D and exercise improve VEGF-B production and IGF-1 levels in diabetic rats: Insights into the role of miR-1 suppression","volume":"15","author":"Mazaheri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02788-x","article-title":"Myocardial angiogenesis induced by concurrent vitamin D supplementation and aerobic-resistance training is mediated by inhibiting miRNA-15a, and miRNA-146a and upregulating VEGF\/PI3K\/eNOS signaling pathway","volume":"475","author":"Damirchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2025.109718","article-title":"Protective effect of vitamin D on high-fat-diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in mice","volume":"225","author":"Mohamed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5483","article-title":"Circulating miR-200c and miR-33a may be used as biomarkers for predicting high fructose corn syrup-induced fatty liver and vitamin D supplementation-related liver changes","volume":"52","author":"Tanoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00911-x","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on liver fibrogenic factors, vitamin D receptor and liver fibrogenic microRNAs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients: An exploratory randomized clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Sohrabpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.007","article-title":"Circulating levels of miR-7, miR-152 and miR-192 respond to vitamin D supplementation in adults with prediabetes and correlate with improvements in glycemic control","volume":"49","author":"Pittas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds031","article-title":"MicroRNA-22 is induced by vitamin D and contributes to its antiproliferative, antimigratory and gene regulatory effects in colon cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Valle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-627 mediates the epigenetic mechanisms of vitamin D to suppress proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells and growth of xenograft tumors in mice","volume":"145","author":"Padi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2016.10.007","article-title":"H19 overexpression induces resistance to 1,25(OH)2D3 by targeting VDR through miR-675-5p in colon cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.395947","article-title":"Identification of microRNA-98 as a therapeutic target inhibiting prostate cancer growth and a biomarker induced by vitamin D","volume":"288","author":"Ting","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-10-58","article-title":"Effects of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23789","article-title":"High levels of PIWI-interacting RNAs are present in the small RNA landscape of prostate epithelium from vitamin D clinical trial specimens","volume":"79","author":"Baumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22646","article-title":"Protection against cellular stress by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in breast epithelial cells","volume":"110","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negri, M., Gentile, A., de Angelis, C., Mont\u00f2, T., Patalano, R., Colao, A., Pivonello, R., and Pivonello, C. (2020). Vitamin D-induced molecular mechanisms to potentiate cancer therapy and to reverse drug-resistance in cancer cells. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061798"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24459","article-title":"MicroRNA regulates human vitamin D receptor","volume":"125","author":"Mohri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41297","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.407189","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses telomerase expression and human cancer growth through microRNA-498","volume":"287","author":"Kasiappan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleba, J.J., K\u0142opotowska, D., Banach, J., Mielko, K.A., Turlej, E., Maciejewska, M., Kutner, A., and Wietrzyk, J. (2022). Micro-RNAs in response to active forms of vitamin D3 in human leukemia and lymphoma cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095019"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.1990972","article-title":"Dietary Intake is Associated with miR-31 and miR-375 Expression in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahimovic, M., Franzmann, E., Mondul, A.M., Weh, K.M., Howard, C., Hu, J.J., Goodwin, W.J., and Kresty, L.A. (2020). Disparities in head and neck cancer: A case for chemoprevention with vitamin D. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092638"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12341","article-title":"LncRNA: A new player in 1\u03b1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3\/VDR protection against skin cancer formation","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.337","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-302c and miR-520c by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment enhances the susceptibility of tumour cells to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"109","author":"Min","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109105","article-title":"Vitamin D boosts immune response of macrophages through a regulatory network of microRNAs and mRNAs","volume":"109","author":"Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2101840","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates inflammatory response of DENV-2-infected macrophages by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory-linked miRNAs","volume":"117","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Ran, Z., Jiang, Q., Hu, N., Yu, B., Zhu, L., Shen, L., Zhang, S., Chen, L., and Chen, H. (2019). Vitamin D alleviates rotavirus infection through a microRNA-155-5p mediated regulation of the TBK1\/IRF3 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143562"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1635649","article-title":"Expression levels of selected cytokines and microRNAs in response to vitamin D supplementation in ultra-marathon runners","volume":"20","author":"Szmigielska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gselman, S., Fabjan, T.H., Bizjak, A., Poto\u010dnik, U., and Gorenjak, M. (2023). Cholecalciferol supplementation induced up-regulation of SARAF gene and down-regulated miR-155-5p expression in Slovenian patients with multiple sclerosis. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14061237"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammirata, G., Arigoni, M., Licastro, D., Caviglia, G.P., Disabato, M., Zubair, G., Bezzio, C., Saibeni, S., De Nicol\u00f2, A., and Cusato, J. (2024). Extracellular Vesicle-Enclosed Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Vitamin D Responsivity: A Pilot Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with or without COVID-19. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091047"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edazcouder, A., Romero-Nava, R., Del-R\u00edo-Navarro, B.E., S\u00e1nchez-Mu\u00f1oz, F., Guzm\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn, C.A., Reyes-Noriega, N., Rodr\u00edguez-Cort\u00e9s, O., Leija-Mart\u00ednez, J.J., V\u00e9lez-Res\u00e9ndiz, J.M., and Villafa\u00f1a, S. (2024). The roles of microRNAs in asthma and emerging insights into the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030341"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2318","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the differentiation of human lung fibroblasts via microRNA-27b targeting the vitamin D receptor","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08940-1","article-title":"Changes in miRNA expression in the lungs of pigs supplemented with different levels and forms of vitamin D","volume":"51","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0345","article-title":"Vitamin D stimulates multiple microRNAs to inhibit CRH and other pro-labor genes in human placenta","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1882","article-title":"Vitamin D activation of functionally distinct regulatory miRNAs in primary human osteoblasts","volume":"28","author":"Lisse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83653-4","article-title":"Short-term diet intervention comprising olive oil, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids alters the small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) landscape of human sperm","volume":"15","author":"Vaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/2211536604666150414203919","article-title":"An Association between MicroRNA-21 Expression and Vitamin D Deficiency in Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"4","author":"Sheane","year":"2015","journal-title":"MicroRNA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10921-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and lipopolysaccharide jointly induce a distinct epigenetic and transcriptional program in human monocytes","volume":"15","author":"Jankowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2019). Vitamin D signaling in the context of innate immunity: Focus on human monocytes. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02211"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2016.08.008","article-title":"Vitamin D-dependent chromatin association of CTCF in human monocytes","volume":"1859","author":"Neme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"8073","article-title":"Cyclical chromatin looping and transcription factor association on the regulatory regions of the p21 (CDKN1A) gene in response to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"12","author":"Diermeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Zimna, A.E. (2012). Impact of Chromatin Organization on the Regulation of Vitamin D Receptor Target Genes Expression in Human Prostate Cells. [Doctoral Dissertation, Unilu\u2014University of Luxembourg]."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.013","article-title":"Vitamin D Switches BAF Complexes to Protect \u03b2 Cells","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/117683","article-title":"Role of chromatin remodeling complex SWI\/SNF and VDR in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"3","author":"Kowalik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00eerbe, C., Rednic, S., Grama, A., and Pop, T.L. (2022). An update on the effects of vitamin D on the immune system and autoimmune diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179784"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gospodarska, E., Ghosh Dastidar, R., and Carlberg, C. (2023). Intervention approaches in studying the response to vitamin D3 supplementation. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153382"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02662-2","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qahtan, F., Abu-Qiyas, S., and Papandreou, D. (2026). Genetic and epigenetic determinants of vitamin D metabolism: Nutrigenomic insights for precision nutrition. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-018-1063-5","article-title":"Cdx-2 polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) marks VDR expression in monocyte\/macrophages through VDR promoter methylation","volume":"8","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26216","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status","volume":"5","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2010.12.010","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene methylation is associated with ethnicity, tuberculosis, and TaqI polymorphism","volume":"3","author":"Andraos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, V., Saccone, D.S., Tugizimana, F., Asani, F.F., Jeffery, T.J., and Bornman, L. (2017). Methylation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, together with genetic variation, race, and environment influence the signaling efficacy of the toll-like receptor 2\/1-VDR pathway. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01048"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usategui-Mart\u00edn, R., De Luis-Rom\u00e1n, D.A., Fern\u00e1ndez-G\u00f3mez, J.M., Ruiz-Mambrilla, M., and P\u00e9rez-Castrill\u00f3n, J.L. (2022). Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms modify the response to vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020360"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.011","article-title":"The concept of the personal vitamin D response index","volume":"175","author":"Carlberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaroslawska, J., Dastidar, R.G., and Carlberg, C. (2024). In vivo vitamin D target genes interconnect key signaling pathways of innate immunity. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306426"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.10.001","article-title":"Molecular approaches for optimizing vitamin D supplementation","volume":"100","author":"Carlberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102137","article-title":"Evaluation of the vitamin D response index in a Saudi cohort","volume":"8","author":"AlGhamdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53864-1","article-title":"Disassociation of Vitamin D\u2019s Calcemic Activity and Non-calcemic Genomic Activity and Individual Responsiveness: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Shirvani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossein-Nezhad, A., Spira, A., and Holick, M.F. (2013). Influence of vitamin D status and vitamin D3 supplementation on genome wide expression of white blood cells: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058725"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hii, C.S., and Ferrante, A. (2016). The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030135"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017bmijewski, M.A. (2022). Nongenomic Activities of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235104"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102528","article-title":"RNA Modifications at the Heart of Oral Inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Guzzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Zhang, H., and Wang, S. (2022). Vitamin D3 Suppresses Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Vascular Endothelial Apoptosis via Rectification of Paradoxical m6A Modification of Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter mRNA, Which Is Regulated by METTL3 and YTHDF3. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.861734"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency: Effects on oxidative stress, epigenetics, gene regulation, and aging. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020030"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.08.009","article-title":"Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"177","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13200","article-title":"How can we design a proper trial for vitamin D treatment of diseases? Facts and numbers","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66106-y","article-title":"An unbiased comparison of 14 epigenetic clocks in relation to 174 incident disease outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Mavrommatis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10567","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10567","article-title":"Vitamin D: Bolus Is Bogus\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Mazess","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuki\u0107, M., Neme, A., Seuter, S., Saksa, N., de Mello, V.D., Nurmi, T., Uusitupa, M., Tuomainen, T.P., Virtanen, J.K., and Carlberg, C. (2015). Relevance of Vitamin D Receptor Target Genes for Monitoring the Vitamin D Responsiveness of Primary Human Cells. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124339"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:22:05Z","timestamp":1780914125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19060906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19060906","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}