{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:51:12Z","timestamp":1781747472434,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds in Universities of Heilongjiang Province","award":["2025-KYYWF-ZR0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-KYYWF-ZR0104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin cancer presents a significant global health burden with rising incidence. The side effects of current therapies and the emergence of drug resistance necessitate the exploration of alternative and complementary strategies. Natural products, with their long history of use in treating skin disorders, have emerged as a promising source of novel therapeutic agents. This review comprehensively elucidates the potential efficacy of natural bioactive compounds in both preventing and treating skin cancer. We summarize the molecular mechanisms through which key natural bioactive compounds exert their anti-skin cancer effects, including induction of apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation and metastasis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, DNA damage repair, and photoprotection. Furthermore, we discuss the biological barriers relevant to skin cancer therapy using natural bioactive compounds and link them to corresponding delivery strategies, while identifying key translational challenges. In conclusion, natural bioactive compounds offer a multi-targeted and synergistic approach against skin carcinogenesis, holding substantial promise as sources of adjuvant therapies and chemopreventive agents to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Skin Cancer with Natural Bioactive Compounds: From Molecular Mechanisms to Application Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zesen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., and Liu, X. (2025). Global burden of skin cancer and its subtypes: A comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2040. Front Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1610661"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104276","article-title":"The treatment of advanced melanoma: Current approaches and new challenges","volume":"196","author":"Boutros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01570.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Astragalus membranaceus root on matrix metalloproteinase-1 collagenase expression and procollagen destruction in ultraviolet B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts by suppressing nuclear factor kappa-B activity","volume":"65","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.01.005","article-title":"Chemoprevention of chemical-induced skin cancer by Panax ginseng root extract","volume":"39","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12889","article-title":"Aqueous extracts of Sanghuangporus vaninii induce S-phase arrest and apoptosis in human melanoma A375 cells","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2024.08.002","article-title":"Overview of skin cancer types and prevalence rates across continents","volume":"3","author":"Roky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/jmp5020010","article-title":"Basal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention","volume":"5","author":"Baba","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.059","article-title":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and staging","volume":"78","author":"Que","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0366-077X.2003.05625.x","article-title":"Pathology and pathobiology of the actinic (solar) keratosis","volume":"149","author":"Cockerell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2024.05.003","article-title":"Radiomics in Oncology and Radiology: Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Significance","volume":"36","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol. (R Coll. Radiol.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sol, S., Boncimino, F., Todorova, K., Waszyn, S.E., and Mandinova, A. (2024). Therapeutic Approaches for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Standard of Care and Emerging Modalities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137056"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666160211120157","article-title":"Phytochemicals for the Management of Melanoma","volume":"16","author":"Ariana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2023.2280766","article-title":"Radiotherapy with or without immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma: Efficacy and tolerability","volume":"62","author":"Backlund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1802357","article-title":"Adjuvant Pembrolizumab versus Placebo in Resected Stage III Melanoma","volume":"378","author":"Eggermont","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30062-0","article-title":"Adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib versus placebo in patients with resected, BRAFV600-mutant, stage III melanoma (COMBI-AD): Exploratory biomarker analyses from a randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Dummer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.4.1611","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human melanoma A375 cells","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Guo, H., Ren, Y., Chen, W., Wang, Y., Li, J., Liu, H., Xing, J., Zhang, Y., and Li, N. (2023). Triptolide enhances carboplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity in melanoma. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1157433"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-013-0149-8","article-title":"Overcoming the stratum corneum barrier: A nano approach","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.023","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of active Chinese herbal components for cancer prevention and treatment: A follow-up review","volume":"114","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108785","article-title":"Integrating multi-omics and artificial intelligence fuels advanced target identification and drug discovery","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-017-0158-5","article-title":"Advances in bio-active constituents, pharmacology and clinical applications of rhubarb","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2000)072<0407:IOPCMI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Induction of primary cutaneous melanomas in C3H mice by combined treatment with ultraviolet radiation, ethanol and aloe emodin","volume":"72","author":"Strickland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900318a","article-title":"The Molecular Effects of Aloe-Emodin (AE)\/Liposome-AE on Human Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Cells and Skin Permeation","volume":"22","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00100-3","article-title":"Chemopreventive effects of emodin and cassiamin B in mouse skin carcinogenesis","volume":"182","author":"Koyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"109","article-title":"Chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)\u2014A review","volume":"45","author":"Niranjan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813476845","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits UV Radiation\u2013Induced Skin Cancer in SKH-1 Mice","volume":"148","author":"Phillips","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P56","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812451438a63","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits UV Radiation\u2013Induced Skin Cancer in vivo","volume":"147","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Lu, S., and Ma, C. (2022). Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of curcumin on skin cutaneous melanoma: Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experimental studies. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.983943"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Dai, X., Liu, Y., He, X., and Gong, G. (2022). Isodon rubescens (Hemls.) Hara.: A Comprehensive Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.766581"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.07.020","article-title":"The effects of oridonin on cell growth, cell cycle, cell migration and differentiation in melanoma cells","volume":"103","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, Y., Zhao, J., Wei, K., Jiang, P., Xu, L., Chang, C., Xu, L., Shi, Y., Zheng, Y., and Bian, Y. (2023). A comprehensive review of Tripterygium wilfordii hook. f. in the treatment of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases: Bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and future directions. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1282610"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01045-6","article-title":"Celastrol inhibits mouse B16-F10 melanoma cell survival by regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway and repressing HIF-1\u03b1 expression","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520623666230413130417","article-title":"Triptolide Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Akt\/mTOR Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2813","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza: Chemical and pharmacological review of a medicinal plant","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156702","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA promotes ferroptosis in cutaneous melanoma via STAT1-mediated upregulation of PTGS2 expression","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.10.004","article-title":"The Nrf2-inducers tanshinone I and dihydrotanshinone protect human skin cells and reconstructed human skin against solar simulated UV","volume":"1","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00877","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice): Discovery of the Effective Components of a Traditional Herbal Medicine","volume":"79","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47880-4","article-title":"A simple method for evaluation pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetinic acid and potential drug-drug interaction between herbal ingredients","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155752","article-title":"Echinatin suppresses cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting GSTM3-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"131","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.007","article-title":"Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review","volume":"148","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8825","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4555","article-title":"Effects of Resveratrol on Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC): A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5188","article-title":"Review of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi)","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, Z., Jiang, Y., Liu, J., and Yang, B. (2021). UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS Analysis on Flavonoids Composition in Astragalus membranaceus and Their Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111852"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174726","article-title":"Suppression of stemness and enhancement of chemosensibility in the resistant melanoma were induced by Astragalus polysaccharide through PD-L1 downregulation","volume":"916","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Ding, G., Gong, Q., Ma, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Qiao, X., and Cheng, X. (2024). Modulation of PD-L1 by Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates the induction of melanoma stem cell properties and overcomes immune evasion. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12788-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42084","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07219B","article-title":"Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: A review","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u0142kowska-Ziaja, K., Balik, M., Szczepkowski, A., Trepa, M., Zengin, G., Ka\u0142a, K., and Muszy\u0144ska, B. (2023). A Review of Chemical Composition and Bioactivity Studies of the Most Promising Species of Ganoderma spp.. Diversity, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/d15080882"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahid, A., Huang, M., Liu, M., Shamim, M.A., Parsa, C., Orlando, R., and Huang, Y. (2022). The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum attenuates UV-induced skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265615"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.6026","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect fibroblasts against UVB-induced photoaging","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1600299","article-title":"Biological activity and toxicity of the Chinese herb Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. Wilson (Houpo) and its constituents","volume":"18","author":"Poivre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.041","article-title":"A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Magnoliae officinalis cortex","volume":"236","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1978","article-title":"Magnolol induces cell death through PI3K\/Akt-mediated epigenetic modifications boosting treatment of BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Emran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"777","article-title":"Chemopreventive Effects of Honokiol on UVB-induced Skin Cancer Development","volume":"30","author":"Chilampalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0171-3","article-title":"Coptidis rhizoma and its main bioactive components: Recent advances in chemical investigation, quality evaluation and pharmacological activity","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2113","article-title":"Berberine regulates melanin synthesis by activating PI3K\/AKT, ERK and GSK3\u03b2 in B16F10 melanoma cells","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.061","article-title":"Berberine suppressed epithelial mesenchymal transition through cross-talk regulation of PI3K\/AKT and RAR\u03b1\/RAR\u03b2 in melanoma cells","volume":"479","author":"Kou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13129","article-title":"Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (Lamiaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1492620","article-title":"A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of Scutellaria baicalensis","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"426","article-title":"Protective effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Excli J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, K., Wei, L., Hui, H., Dai, Q., You, Q.D., Guo, Q.L., and Lu, N. (2014). Wogonin suppresses melanoma cell B16-F10 invasion and migration by inhibiting Ras-medicated pathways. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106458"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-012-0767-5","article-title":"Celastrol inhibits growth and induces apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells via the activation ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway and the suppression of PI3K\/AKT signaling","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176239","article-title":"Celastrol, which targets IL-2\/CD25 binding inhibition, induces T cell-mediated antitumor activity in melanoma","volume":"962","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2230","article-title":"Triptolide induces S phase arrest via the inhibition of cyclin E and CDC25A and triggers apoptosis via caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways in A375.S2 human melanoma cells","volume":"29","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118598","article-title":"The dietary flavonoid isoliquiritigenin induced apoptosis and suppressed metastasis in melanoma cells: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"264","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b22-00888","article-title":"Ponicidin Induces Apoptosis of Murine Melanoma by Inhibiting the NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.015","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone induces melanoma cancer cells apoptosis via ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and impairs cell migration and invasion","volume":"82","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.02.005","article-title":"The inhibition of resveratrol to human skin squamous cell carcinoma A431 xenografts in nude mice","volume":"86","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-1040","article-title":"Emodin inhibits the proliferation and migration of B16F10 cells and induces their apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Guo, Y.-Y., Fang, Z.-S., Liu, S.-L., Wang, F.-L., Luo, J.-H., and Yan, L.-J. (2026). Antiproliferative Proapoptotic Effects of Dalbergia Odorifera Flavonoids in cSCC. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2026.2635424"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.100840","article-title":"Triptolide suppresses melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo through the Src-ERK signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2012.2170","article-title":"Triptolide induced DNA damage in A375.S2 human malignant melanoma cells is mediated via reduction of DNA repair genes","volume":"29","author":"Chueh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22198","article-title":"Suppression of the migration and invasion is mediated by triptolide in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through the NF-kappaB-dependent pathway","volume":"31","author":"Jao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000423","article-title":"Baicalein inhibits melanogenesis through activation of the ERK signaling pathway","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.094","article-title":"Baicalein Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells through Inactivation of the PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Peng, B., Nayak, Y., Wang, C., Si, F., Liu, X., Dou, J., Xu, H., and Peng, G. (2022). Corrigendum: Baicalein and Baicalin Promote Melanoma Apoptosis and Senescence via Metabolic Inhibition. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.876000"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0844-x","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin suppresses human melanoma growth by targeting miR-301b\/LRIG1 signaling","volume":"37","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115859","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin suppresses the progression of malignant melanoma via targeting H2A.Z.1-E2F1 pathway","volume":"218","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, Z., Li, X., Liu, B., and Liu, Z. (2017). Mechanisms of Tanshinone II a inhibits malignant melanoma development through blocking autophagy signal transduction in A375 cell. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3329-y"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00913-1","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone inhibits PFK-mediated aerobic glycolysis by activating AMPK pathway leading to blockade of cutaneous melanoma","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0020","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation by Suppressing Mammalian Target of Rapamycin\u2013Mediated Cyclin D1 Expression and Rb Phosphorylation","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01992-z","article-title":"Tanshinol inhibits growth of malignant melanoma cells via regulating miR-1207-5p\/CHPF pathway","volume":"312","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhai, W., Fan, M., Wu, J., and Wang, C. (2024). Salvianolic Acid B Significantly Suppresses the Migration of Melanoma Cells via Direct Interaction with \u03b2-Actin. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040906"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, X.-Y., Mei, Y., Zheng, Q., and Ko, C.-Y. (2024). Inhibition of Melanoma Cell Growth by Salvianolic Acid A through CHK2-CDC25A Pathway Modulation. Front. Biosci., 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2906213"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.09.001","article-title":"Honokiol induces cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in malignant melanoma cancer cells","volume":"204","author":"Kaushik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.073","article-title":"Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides potentiate the growth-inhibitory activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors against pulmonary metastatic melanoma in mice","volume":"182","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.20335","article-title":"The Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus Inhibit Melanogenesis through the ERK Signaling Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Tsao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811400711","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Growth in vivo","volume":"145","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2013Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129781","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3129781","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of Melanoma via miR-222-3p\/SOX10\/Notch Axis","volume":"2022","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-011-1155-7","article-title":"Aromatic-turmerone inhibits \u03b1-MSH and IBMX-induced melanogenesis by inactivating CREB and MITF signaling pathways","volume":"303","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K.-C., Hseu, Y.-C., Shih, Y.-C., Sivakumar, G., Syu, J.-T., Chen, G.-L., Lu, M.-T., and Chu, P.-C. (2022). Calycosin, a Common Dietary Isoflavonoid, Suppresses Melanogenesis through the Downregulation of PKA\/CREB and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031358"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1362","article-title":"Oridonin inhibits migration, invasion, adhesion and TGF-\u03b21-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of melanoma cells by inhibiting the activity of PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.38624","article-title":"Curcumol inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma via the miR-152-3p\/PI3K\/AKT and ERK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.11.003","article-title":"Anti-melanogenic property of ginsenoside Rf from Panax ginseng via inhibition of CREB\/MITF pathway in melanocytes and ex vivo human skin","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"2069","article-title":"Antitumor activity of ginsenoside Rg3 in melanoma through downregulation of the ERK and Akt pathways","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000430115","article-title":"Ginsenoside rh2 inhibits cancer stem-like cells in skin squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115037","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re inhibits melanogenesis and melanoma growth by downregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor","volume":"165","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Lin, W., Tang, Y., He, F., Liang, B., Chen, J., Li, H., and Zhu, H. (2025). Curcumin targets YAP1 to enhance mitochondrial function and autophagy, protecting against UVB-induced photodamage. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566287"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2019014","article-title":"Activation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway contributes to the protective effects of coptisine against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.2174\/0115665240263196230920161019","article-title":"Tanshinone Alleviates UVA-induced Melanogenesis in Melanocytes via the Nrf2-regulated Antioxidant Defense Signaling Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01127J","article-title":"Effects of volatile oil from ginger on the murine B16 melanoma cells and its mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, A., Quagliariello, V., Del Vecchio, V., Falco, M., Luciano, A., Amruthraj, N.J., Nasti, G., Ottaiano, A., Berretta, M., and Iaffaioli, R.V. (2017). Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Ganoderma lucidum Extract Effects on Melanoma and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030210"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10951.x","article-title":"Polydatin suppresses ultraviolet B-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro and in vivo via reduced production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"167","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100601r","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Magnolol on TPA-Induced Skin Inflammation and Tumor Promotion in Mice","volume":"58","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.022","article-title":"Baicalein Protects Human Skin Cells against Ultraviolet B-Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"24","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-0212-2","article-title":"Protective effect of baicalin against multiple ultraviolet b exposure-mediated injuries in C57BL\/6 mouse skin","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.726355","article-title":"Baicalin protects human skin fibroblasts from ultraviolet A radiation-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.003","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) inhibits reactive oxygen Species mediated photodamage by blocking ER stress and MAPK pathway in UV-B irradiated human skin fibroblasts","volume":"148","author":"Farrukh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"742","article-title":"Oroxylin A inhibits UVB-induced non-melanoma skin cancer by regulating XPA degradation","volume":"23","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Liquiritin suppresses UVB-induced skin injury through prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis through the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and MAPK\/caspase signaling pathways","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2023-0200","article-title":"18\u03b2-glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates radiation-induced skin injury by activating the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"405","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111971","article-title":"Salvianolic acid A prevents UV-induced skin damage by inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"132","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155676","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B protects against UVB-induced skin aging via activation of NRF2","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14174","article-title":"Astragaloside prevents UV-induced keratinocyte injury by regulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1476-5586(03)80019-2","article-title":"Suppression of Ultraviolet B Exposure-Mediated Activation of NF-\u03baB in Normal Human Keratinocytes by Resveratrol","volume":"5","author":"Adhami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.12.001","article-title":"Magnolol reduces UVB-induced photodamage by regulating matrix metalloproteinase activity","volume":"39","author":"Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01898-w","article-title":"Rutin and ascorbic acid cooperation in antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect on human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to UVA and UVB radiation","volume":"311","author":"Skrzydlewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02292-3","article-title":"Synergistic inhibitory actions of resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and diallyl trisulfide against skin cancer cell line A431 through mitochondrial caspase dependent pathway: A combinational drug approach","volume":"41","author":"Arumugam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"109","article-title":"Chemopreventive effects of combination of honokiol and magnolol with \u03b1-santalol on skin cancer developments","volume":"7","author":"Chilampalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(09)50053-6","article-title":"Effect of honokiol and 5-FU on non-melanoma skin cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Ainbinder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1533034615588682","article-title":"Radix Astragali and Tanshinone Help Carboplatin Inhibit B16 Tumor Cell Growth","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-170495","article-title":"Resveratrol enhances the effects of ALA-PDT on skin squamous cells A431 through p38\/ MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.09.002","article-title":"Berberine in combination with doxorubicin suppresses growth of murine melanoma B16F10 cells in culture and xenograft","volume":"21","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119705","article-title":"Topical nanostructured lipid carrier gel of quercetin and resveratrol: Formulation, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo study for the treatment of skin cancer","volume":"587","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitkara, A., Mangla, B., Kumar, P., Javed, S., Ahsan, W., and Popli, H. (2022). Design-of-Experiments (DoE)-Assisted Fabrication of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulgel and Its Evaluation against Human Skin Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112517"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03043-7","article-title":"Novel Curcumin-Resveratrol Solid Nanoparticles Synergistically Inhibit Proliferation of Melanoma Cells","volume":"38","author":"Palliyage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.04.056","article-title":"Ultradeformable liposomes as multidrug carrier of resveratrol and 5-fluorouracil for their topical delivery","volume":"489","author":"Cosco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S232603","article-title":"Celastrol Self-Stabilized Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, P., Yusufu, R., Guan, Z., Chen, T., Li, S., Feng, Y., Zeng, X., Lu, J., Luo, M., and Wei, F. (2024). Multifunctional Bioactivity Electrospinning Nanofibers Encapsulating Emodin Provide a Potential Postoperative Management Strategy for Skin Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091131"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123397","article-title":"Engineering tanshinone-loaded, levan-biofunctionalized polycaprolactone nanofibers for treatment of skin cancer","volume":"645","author":"Mehanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1039\/C1NR11271F","article-title":"Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route","volume":"4","author":"Mangalathillam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolentino, S., Monteiro, M.M., Saldanha-Ara\u00fajo, F., Cunha-Filho, M., Gratieri, T., Guerra, E.N.S., and Gelfuso, G.M. (2025). Bioadhesive Chitosan Films Loading Curcumin for Safe and Effective Skin Cancer Topical Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010018"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2016.1258567","article-title":"Co-delivery of curcumin and STAT3 siRNA using deformable cationic liposomes to treat skin cancer","volume":"25","author":"Jose","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.07.010","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded layer-by-layer folic acid and casein coated carboxymethyl cellulose\/casein nanogels for treatment of skin cancer","volume":"13","author":"Priya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119100","article-title":"Fabrication of nanopatterned PLGA films of curcumin and TPGS for skin cancer","volume":"578","author":"Malathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.101999","article-title":"Development of nanoemulgel of 5-Fluorouracil for skin melanoma using glycyrrhizin as a penetration enhancer","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.10.011","article-title":"The evidence for solid lipid nanoparticles mediated cell uptake of resveratrol","volume":"390","author":"Kristl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.04.007","article-title":"Combinatorial lipid-nanosystem for dermal delivery of 5-fluorouracil and resveratrol against skin cancer: Delineation of improved dermatokinetics and epidermal drug deposition enhancement analysis","volume":"163","author":"Iqubal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121179","article-title":"Determination of in vivo virtue of dermal targeted combinatorial lipid nanocolloidal based formulation of 5-fluorouracil and resveratrol against skin cancer","volume":"610","author":"Iqubal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132737","article-title":"Berberine encapsulated phenylboronic acid-conjugated pullulan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity validated in A431 skin cancer cells and 3D spheroids","volume":"273","author":"Solanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.01.049","article-title":"Maximizing dermal targeting and minimizing transdermal penetration by magnolol\/honokiol methoxylation","volume":"445","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2638","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.66","article-title":"2-O-Methylmagnolol upregulates the long non-coding RNA, GAS5, and enhances apoptosis in skin cancer cells","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00751-7","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor: Theory, development, and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200223666220517114004","article-title":"Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Quantin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40290-024-00537-8","article-title":"Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Different Generations and Dermatokinetic Assessment of Drug Concentration in Skin","volume":"38","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.B., Wang, J.F., Wang, M.X., Peng, J., Kong, X.D., and Tian, J. (2024). Nano-based drug delivery systems for active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine: Harnessing the power of nanotechnology. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1405252"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01029-x","article-title":"The combination of nanotechnology and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inspires the modernization of TCM: Review on nanotechnology in TCM-based drug delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Zhou, H., and Yang, T. (2022). The molecular pathogenesis of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.979307"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Li, J., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Luo, R., Zhang, C., Gao, F., Zhang, J., and Fu, C. (2020). Celastrol: A review of useful strategies overcoming its limitation in anticancer application. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.558741"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.06.002","article-title":"Skin metabolism phase I and phase II enzymes in native and reconstructed human skin: A short review","volume":"24","author":"Kazem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabanelli, R., Brogi, S., and Calderone, V. (2021). Improving Curcumin Bioavailability: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101715"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-010-1525-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats","volume":"68","author":"Kapetanovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2026, May 31). Assessing a Natural Product Plus Bioadhesive Nanoparticle (BNP) Sunscreen, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05736224."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2026, May 31). Comparative Efficacy of Resveratrol 1% Gel and Trichloroacetic Acid 20% in Treatment of Melasma: A Split-Face Study, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07060157."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2026, May 31). Oral Curcumin for Radiation Dermatitis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01246973."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2026, May 31). A Phase IB Dose Escalation Study of Lipocurc in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02138955."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:56:08Z","timestamp":1781744168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19060919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19060919","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}