{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:06:12Z","timestamp":1787501172082,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006579","name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2240STCZB2613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2240STCZB2613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2240STCZB2613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2240STCZB2613"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0385nmy68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG) is a promising continuous manufacturing technology, featuring high operational flexibility, short residence time and consistent quality. The process development of TSWG relies on the synergy of material characterization, screw configuration, and process parameter optimization. Objective: In order to fully combine various design variables, and to accelerate the process development of TSWG, a material\u2013process\u2013equipment integrated design (MPEID) methodology is first applied to the TSWG process of Guizhi Fuling capsule, a botanical drug product. Methods: First, an equivalent formulation was designed to save trial costs. Second, 3D printing technology was used to customize both conveying and kneading elements with the lead, with the kneading discs stagger angle (SA) and the thickness (thick) as screw element variables. The position of fabricated kneading elements was varied to generate different screw configurations. Then, the critical screw parameters (CSPs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) were identified by a two-step design of experiment (DOE) toward optimizing granule quality. Results: As a result, the SA and thick were identified as CSPs, and the liquid-to-solid ratio was the CPP. Under the optimal TSWG process conditions, the twin-screw granulator could be operated under low torque (i.e., average torque = 1.48 \u00b1 0.06 Nm). The dried granules exhibited superior flowability, as well as highly consistent particle size distribution with industrial batches. After capsule filling, the dissolution test results showed the prepared Guizhi Fuling capsules reached 93.7% cumulative dissolution at 15 min, which approached that of commercial capsules (i.e., 93.0%). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility of proposed MPEID methodology, supporting the efficient and cost-effective process development of TSWG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Material\u2013Process\u2013Equipment Integrated Design Method for Accelerating the Process Development of Twin-Screw Wet Granulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1795-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuzhen","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine Informatics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120126","article-title":"Integrated twin-screw wet granulation, continuous vibrational fluid drying and milling: A fully continuous powder to granule line","volume":"594","author":"Domokos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Tian, G., and Qu, H. (2023). Pharmaceutical application of process understanding and optimization techniques: A review on the continuous twin-screw wet granulation. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071923"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2026.126612","article-title":"Achieving performance improvement of PAT in continuous powder blending process: A collective consideration of sampling interface design and chemometrics","volume":"670","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"24","article-title":"Agile, data-driven life cycle management for continuous manufacturing","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2026, May 14). Cder\u2019s Perspective on the Continuous Manufacturing Journey, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/173811\/download."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-025-03859-7","article-title":"Evaluation of process parameters for continuous manufacturing of quetiapine fumarate immediate release tablets using twin screw wet granulation","volume":"42","author":"Naguboyina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103598","article-title":"A review on key aspects of wet granulation for continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing of solid oral dosage formulations","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.08.014","article-title":"A multivariate raw material property database for pharmaceutical formulation development and continuous dry powder processing","volume":"549","author":"Dhondt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123493","article-title":"Validation of model-based design of experiments for continuous wet granulation and drying","volume":"646","author":"Matsunami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denduyver, P., Vervaet, C., and Vanhoorne, V. (2024). Studying the API distribution of controlled release formulations produced via continuous twin-screw wet granulation: Influence of matrix former, filler and process parameters. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030341"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126175","article-title":"Process robustness in twin-screw wet granulation: The role of formulation, screw configuration and liquid-to-solid ratio on milled granules and tablets","volume":"684","author":"Karlsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omata, R., Hattori, Y., Sasaki, T., Sakamoto, T., and Otsuka, M. (2020). Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of wet granulation for pharmaceutical standard formulations in a high-speed shear mixer using near-infrared spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090226"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koyanagi, K., Ueno, A., Sasaki, T., and Otsuka, M. (2022). Real-time monitoring of critical quality attributes during high-shear wet granulation process by near-infrared spectroscopy effect of water addition and stirring speed on pharmaceutical properties of the granules. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070822"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123010","article-title":"Evaluation of material properties and process parameters on granule porosity in twin-screw wet granulation","volume":"641","author":"Peeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2022.106151","article-title":"Faster to first-time-in-human: Prediction of the liquid solid ratio for continuous wet granulation","volume":"172","author":"Junnila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.04.055","article-title":"Optimization of critical quality attributes in continuous twin-screw wet granulation via design space validated with pilot scale experimental data","volume":"525","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.045","article-title":"In-depth experimental analysis of pharmaceutical twin-screw wet granulation in view of detailed process understanding","volume":"529","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2021.1879844","article-title":"A review of twin screw wet granulation mechanisms in relation to granule attributes","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119466","article-title":"Influence of binder attributes on binder effectiveness in a continuous twin screw wet granulation process via wet and dry binder addition","volume":"585","author":"Vandevivere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.08.042","article-title":"Using a material property library to find surrogate materials for pharmaceutical process development","volume":"339","author":"Moghtadernejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123391","article-title":"Exploring the effect of raw material properties on continuous twin-screw wet granulation manufacturability","volume":"645","author":"Peeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.103042","article-title":"The effect of screw configuration and formulation variables on liquid requirements and granule quality in a continuous twin screw wet granulation process","volume":"68","author":"Vandevivere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portier, C., Vervaet, C., and Vanhoorne, V. (2021). Continuous twin screw granulation: Recent progress and opportunities in formulation and equipment design. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050668"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.983931","article-title":"Twin screw granulation\u2014Review of current progress","volume":"41","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125821","article-title":"Material-sparing method development for liquid-to-solid ratio determination in wet granulation process","volume":"681","author":"Luz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123481","article-title":"T-shaped partial least squares for high-dosed APIs in continuous twin-screw wet granulation: Granule size prediction with limited material data","volume":"646","author":"Matsunami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrissey, J.P., Hanley, K.J., and Ooi, J.Y. (2021). Conceptualisation of an efficient particle-based simulation of a twin-screw granulator. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122136"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.12.071","article-title":"Impact of screw configuration on particle size distribution of granules produced by twin screw granulation","volume":"479","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera Jim\u00e9nez, A.A., Van Hauwermeiren, D., Peeters, M., De Beer, T., and Nopens, I. (2021). Improvement of a 1D population balance model for twin-screw wet granulation using identifiability analysis. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050692"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.11.099","article-title":"Granule transformation in a twin screw granulator: Effects of conveying, kneading, and distributive mixing elements","volume":"346","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21339","article-title":"Impact of screw elements on continuous granulation with a twin-screw extruder","volume":"97","author":"Djuric","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.119004","article-title":"Continuous twin screw granulation: Complex interplay of formulation properties, process settings and screw design","volume":"576","author":"Portier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122197","article-title":"Continuous integrated production of glucose granules with enhanced flowability and tabletability","volume":"626","author":"Domokos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2013.879723","article-title":"Rolling phenomenon in twin screw granulation with controlled-release excipients","volume":"41","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21973","article-title":"Wet granulation in a twin-screw extruder: Implications of screw design","volume":"99","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.12.021","article-title":"Linking granulation performance with residence time and granulation liquid distributions in twin-screw granulation: An experimental investigation","volume":"90","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0485-3","article-title":"Twin screw extruders as continuous mixers for thermal processing: A technical and historical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.05.010","article-title":"Continuous twin screw granulation: Influence of process variables on granule and tablet quality","volume":"82","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"100273","article-title":"Systematic investigation of the impact of screw elements in continuous wet granulation","volume":"669","author":"Kiricenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"64","article-title":"Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Conner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.12.068","article-title":"Tailored granule properties using 3D printed screw geometries in twin screw granulation","volume":"341","author":"Pradhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2018.1534863","article-title":"Manufacturing classification system in the real world: Factors influencing manufacturing process choices for filed commercial oral solid dosage formulations, case studies from industry and considerations for continuous processing","volume":"23","author":"Leane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96097-x","article-title":"Using a material database and data fusion method to accelerate the process model development of high shear wet granulation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Tang, X., Chen, L., Liu, Y., Zhao, S., Ma, X., Luo, G., and Xu, B. (2025). A formulation\u2013process\u2013product integrated design method for accelerating pharmaceutical tablet development via the high-shear wet granulation and tableting route. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030322"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3139\/217.940225","article-title":"Selecting continuous compounding equipment based on process considerations","volume":"9","author":"Canedo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Process."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.11.067","article-title":"Development of a process map: A step towards a regime map for high shear wet twin screw granulation","volume":"300","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118981","article-title":"Continuous twin screw granulation: Influence of process and formulation variables on granule quality attributes of model formulations","volume":"576","author":"Portier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.03.058","article-title":"Development of controlled release formulations via continuous twin screw granulation: Effects of process and formulation parameters","volume":"505","author":"Vanhoorne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Tian, G., and Qu, H. (2023). I-optimal design for modeling and parameter optimization of ibuprofen granules in continuous twin-screw wet granulation. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072030"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2025). Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China, General Chapter 0103: Capsules, Weight Variation."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7019","article-title":"Application of twin-screw wet granulation in the preparation process of guizhi fuling capsules","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118742","article-title":"A compression behavior classification system of pharmaceutical powders for direct compression formulation design","volume":"572","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muddu, S.V., Kotamarthy, L., and Ramachandran, R. (2021). A semi-mechanistic prediction of residence time metrics in twin screw granulation. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030393"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2025). Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China, General Chapter 0931: Dissolution and Release Test, Paddle Method."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/921\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:25:31Z","timestamp":1782815131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19060921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19060921","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}