{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:40:38Z","timestamp":1785404438082,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP 2\/573\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP 2\/573\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGP 2\/573\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP 2\/573\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052kwzs30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oxidative stress contributes significantly to premature skin aging and inflammatory dermatological conditions. While plant-derived antioxidants have demonstrated considerable promise in topical applications, Bougainvillea glabra Choisy remains underexplored in standardized pharmaceutical dosage form development despite its documented phytochemical richness. Objective: This study aimed to develop, standardize, and characterize topical cold cream formulations incorporating B. glabra ethanolic leaf extract, with HPTLC-based quantification of marker compounds, validated antioxidant assessment, and preliminary dermal safety evaluation. Methods: The ethanolic leaf extract was prepared by maceration and characterized by preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprinting with quantitative densitometric analysis of quercetin and pinitol. Three cold cream formulations were developed at 10% (F1), 20% (F2), and 30% (w\/w) (F3) extract loading. Formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, and viscosity. Antioxidant activity was assessed using a validated methanol extraction procedure followed by DPPH radical scavenging and potassium permanganate reduction assays. Ex vivo skin permeation was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells with freshly excised goat skin. Accelerated stability was conducted at 40 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C\/75 \u00b1 5% RH for 90 days with HPTLC-based marker retention monitoring. Primary dermal safety was assessed in Wistar albino rats (n = 6) following OECD Test Guideline 404. Results: Quantitative HPTLC confirmed quercetin (4.82 \u00b1 0.14 mg\/g dry extract) and pinitol (2.31 \u00b1 0.09 mg\/g) as marker compounds, with linearly increasing content across F1\u2013F3. All formulations demonstrated acceptable physicochemical properties (pH 5.7\u20135.9, viscosity 440,000\u2013460,000 cP, spreadability 11.8 \u00b1 0.3 cm\u00b7g\/s). F3 exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (56.68 \u00b1 1.05%) with IC50 of 1.3 \u00b1 0.1% w\/v, demonstrating a 3.2-fold improvement over F1. Extraction recovery from the cream matrix was 96.4\u201397.1%, validating the antioxidant data. Ex vivo quercetin permeation through goat skin reached 51.3 \u00b1 2.8 \u03bcg\/cm2 at 24 h for F3, following Higuchi diffusion kinetics (R2 &gt; 0.99). No dermal irritation was observed (Primary Irritation Index = 0). Accelerated stability confirmed \u226598.3% retention of both marker compounds and antioxidant activity after 90 days. Conclusions:\u00a0B. glabra leaf extract was successfully incorporated into a physicochemically stable, non-irritating cold cream with demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy and cutaneous delivery capability. The study establishes preliminary dermal safety and in vitro antioxidant efficacy warranting further controlled clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Characterization of a Cold Cream with Antioxidant Properties from Bougainvillea Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8368-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Alhamhoom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umme","family":"Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagashubha","family":"Bobbarjang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srilekha","family":"Surapareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Sai","family":"Maccha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma Maheshwar Rao","family":"Vattikuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, CMR College of Pharmacy, Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Hyderabad 501401, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4819-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Formulation development and moisturising effects of a topical cream of Aloe vera extract","volume":"51","author":"Akhtar","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Acad. 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Plants"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:58:06Z","timestamp":1781744286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/6\/932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19060932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19060932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}