{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:51:14Z","timestamp":1781747474183,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance and bacterial persistence underscore the need to develop new chemotypes with multifunctional antibacterial mechanisms. This study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate curcumin-inspired 3,5-diarylidene-4-piperidones as versatile small molecules exhibiting antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-efflux, DNA gyrase-inhibitory, and antiproliferative properties. Methods: A targeted series of triazole-conjugated 3,5-diarylidene-4-piperidones was synthesized through copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry and subsequently characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. Selected active compounds underwent further evaluation for DNA gyrase inhibition, antibiofilm activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus ATCC 33591, ethidium bromide accumulation, and antiproliferative effects on HCT116 and MCF7 cancer cells, with RPE1 cells serving as a control to evaluate cytotoxicity in normal cells. Additionally, computational studies, including QSAR analysis and molecular docking, were conducted to bolster structure\u2013activity relationships and provide mechanistic insights. Results: Several derivatives demonstrated selective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly S. aureus, while exhibiting limited or no efficacy against E. coli. Compounds 7n and 7l emerged as the most potent against S. aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 7.8 and 8.2 \u03bcM, respectively. Notably, compound 7l inhibited S. aureus DNA gyrase supercoiling, displaying an IC50 of 3.20 \u03bcM, comparable to ciprofloxacin. Compound 7e exhibited the strongest antibiofilm activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus, whereas compound 7a resulted in the highest accumulation of ethidium bromide, indicating robust anti-efflux activity. Antiproliferative assays revealed that select halogenated derivatives were effective against HCT116 and MCF7 cells, while the most promising antibacterial compounds exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward RPE1 cells. Quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (QSAR) and docking studies supported the observed structure\u2013activity relationships and suggested potential interactions with the ATPase binding site of DNA gyrase B. Conclusions: Triazole-conjugated 3,5-diarylidene-4-piperidones are promising multifunctional scaffolds with selective anti-S. aureus activity, antibiofilm and anti-efflux properties, and, for compound 7l, potent DNA gyrase inhibition. These findings support further optimization of this chemotype as a platform for developing antibacterial agents with polymechanistic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19060935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifunctional Curcumin-Inspired 3,5-Diarylidene-4-Piperidones: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Computational Mechanistic Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4503-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel K.","family":"Nkosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel S.","family":"Girgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Samir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Morsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Azhar Virology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Shaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Fayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. F.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shogo","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido F.","family":"Verbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3668-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siva S.","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, M.A., Al-Amin, M.Y., Salam, M.T., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A.A., and Alqumber, M.A.A. 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