{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:10:16Z","timestamp":1785431416295,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018786","name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026-2025\/09\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2025\/09\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026-2025\/09\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2025\/09\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5b0p13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycemic variability is a stand-alone risk factor for diabetic complications. Background\/Objectives: We investigated whether combining quercetin-rich Allium cepa L. (white onion) juice with the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin could reduce glycemic variability beyond that achieved with monotherapy in experimental diabetes. Methods: Wistar rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (35 mg\/kg) and maintained for 60 days in the following groups: vehicle, dapagliflozin (0.1 mg\/day), fresh onion juice (5 mL twice daily), and dapagliflozin + fresh onion juice (5 mL twice daily). Diabetic Wistar rats (n = 10\/group) were gavaged with vehicle, dapagliflozin (0.1 mg\/day), fresh onion juice (5 mL twice daily), or both. The juice was expected to contain phytochemicals (quercetin derivatives and organosulfur compounds) based on published reports on similar A. cepa cultivars. A validated immunoassay was used to measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) every 10 days. All treatments reduced HbA1c to the same level (~7.1\u20137.2%) as compared to diabetic controls (9.0 \u00b1 0.3%) (p &lt; 0.001), though only the combination treatment reduced glycemic variability (HbA1C coefficient of variation 3.9 \u00b1 0.6% vs. 7.8 \u00b1 1.2% with dapagliflozin and 11.2 \u00b1 1.8% with onion) (p &lt; 0.001). Results: Across the 10-day sampling schedule, the combination kept HbA1c within a narrow 6.8\u20137.2% band, whereas the monotherapies fluctuated more widely; because intraday and postprandial glucose were not captured, effects on short-term excursions could not be directly assessed. There were no cases of severe hypoglycemia and only infrequent and non-repeated cases of mild hypoglycemia. Conclusions: In this exploratory, hypothesis-generating study, the additive interaction between onion phytochemicals and dapagliflozin was associated with lower glycemic variability via mechanisms proposed in the literature; quercetin-rich A. cepa juice may therefore warrant further investigation as an adjunct in diabetes management, pending batch-specific phytochemical characterization and confirmatory studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19070999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Additive Effects of Quercetin-Rich Allium cepa L. Juice and Dapagliflozin on Glycemic Variability in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Abu","family":"Assab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13111, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4263-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad M.","family":"Hailat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israa","family":"Al-Ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"Abu Dayyih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan","family":"Shalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafa","family":"Hourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balakumar","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13111, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman-Al Salt Road, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riad","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 206, Salt 19117, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, Regional and Country-Level Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2021 and Projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01985-3","article-title":"Individualized HbA1c Goals, and Patient Awareness and Attainment of Goals in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Multinational Survey","volume":"39","author":"Lautsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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