{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:15:20Z","timestamp":1785413720291,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UIDB\/50006\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Personalized oncology is transforming cancer care by tailoring therapeutic strategies to the molecular and clinical characteristics of individual patients. However, increasing treatment complexity, interpatient variability, and the growing use of advanced therapeutics challenge the limitations of standardized medicines. This review examines pharmaceutical compounding as a fundamental component enabling the delivery of individualized oncology treatments. A literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, using a predefined search strategy detailed in the manuscript. This narrative review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the application of pharmaceutical compounding in modern oncology practice. The analysis includes immunotherapy, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, genomic-guided therapy, and combination treatment strategies. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, three-dimensional printing, and robotic compounding, were also assessed, alongside regulatory frameworks, safety challenges, and quality considerations. The main findings of this study show that compounded medications support individualized care through dose adjustment, modification of dosage forms, and exclusion of unsuitable excipients, particularly in pediatric oncology, rare cancers, and patients with specific needs. The magistral and officinal preparations help maintain continuity of care when commercial formulations are unavailable. In addition, technological advances are improving the precision, reproducibility, and safety of compounding processes, and pharmacists are centrally involved in the design, preparation, quality assurance, and regulatory oversight of these therapies. In conclusion, pharmaceutical compounding remains an essential component of personalized oncology, enabling patient-centered and adaptable treatment strategies. The expanding engagement of pharmacists, together with advances in technology and evolving regulatory frameworks, is essential to ensuring the safe and effective implementation of individualized therapies in oncology care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19071077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmaceutical Compounding as a Pillar of Personalized Oncology: Current Applications, Emerging Technologies, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Mascarenhas-Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Rua Da Cadeia, 6300-307 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"BRIDGES\u2014Biotechnology Research, Innovation and Design of Health Products, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3315-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Chenab, Gujarat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CERES\u2014Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Figueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411","article-title":"Updating the Definition of Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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