{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1784188995965,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hexoprenaline, a widely used tocolytic, is a \u03b22 adrenergic receptor agonist that when administered relaxes the smooth muscles in the uterus and cervix. The Gly16Arg polymorphism in the ADRB2 gene is known to be associated with the risk of threatened preterm labor (TPL). Moreover, the Gly16Arg and Gln27Glu polymorphisms that form haplotypes can modulate receptor function, changing the pharmacological response to \u03b22 agonists. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms on TPL and the response to tocolytic treatment with hexoprenaline in pregnant Russian women. Materials and Methods: This prospective case\u2013control study on tocolytic therapy included 60 pregnant women with TPL who received tocolytic treatment with hexoprenaline and a control group consisting of 60 pregnant women not at risk of TPL. A polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was conducted to determine the frequencies of Gly16Arg and Gln27Glu polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene in both groups. These data were compared with the TPL status and the tocolytic effect of hexoprenaline. Results: It is shown that carrying the ADRB2 16Arg allele is associated with decreased incidence of preterm birth (PTB), while the 16Gly\/Gly genotype is related to an increased risk of PTB (OR = 2.444; CI95% = 1.167\u20135.121). The allele frequencies of the Gly16Arg and Gln27Glu polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene in healthy pregnant Russian women are consistent with those in the European population. Due to small subgroup sizes, tocolytic outcomes are presented descriptively without a powered statistical analysis. Conclusions: These findings suggest a preliminary association between the ADRB2 16Gly allele and the 16Gly\/Gly genotype with an increased risk of PTB in pregnant Russian women. While carriers of the 16Arg allele may have a decreased risk, these pharmacogenetic insights require independent validation in larger cohorts before clinical recommendations can be formulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19071092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1784184576000},"page":"1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ADRB2 Gene Polymorphism and Tocolytic Response to Hexoprenaline in Pregnant Russian Women with Threatened Preterm Labor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Raisa A.","family":"Chilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslan E.","family":"Kazakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personalized Medicine and Clinical Pharmacogenetics, Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127051 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira V.","family":"Zhukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliy B.","family":"Osadchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin O.","family":"Akopov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Clinic No.3, Yudin City Clinical Hospital, 115446 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olesya S.","family":"Pobedinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8217-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria V.","family":"Poznyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guzel F.","family":"Proklova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniya A.","family":"Svidinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana Yu.","family":"Gorbenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina O.","family":"Golubenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri V.","family":"Meksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u21161, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Treatment tactics for threatening premature birth","volume":"16","author":"Serov","year":"2008","journal-title":"RMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328333dae6","article-title":"Very important pharmacogene summary ADRB2","volume":"20","author":"Litonjua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. 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