{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:52:20Z","timestamp":1788385940160,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The present study aimed to develop and characterize three honey- and essential oil-based structured systems intended for topical skin application. Materials and Methods: The semisolid systems were prepared as oil-in-water structured emulsions containing four types of honey (Manuka, Tualang, chestnut, and manna), three essential oils (palmarosa, cistus, and lavender), and five vegetable oils (pomegranate seed, aloe, centella, hemp seed, and calendula). Each formulation consisted of two honey types, one essential oil, and two vegetable oils, with final concentrations of 5% honey and 0.1\u20130.2% essential oil. The formulations were investigated through physicochemical, rheological, and in vivo skin evaluations. Results: Rheological analysis demonstrated non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior with shear-thinning and thixotropic characteristics, indicating that the systems are structured, semisolid, and suitable for topical application. Differences in spreadability and consistency suggested variations in the internal organization of the emulsion matrices. In vivo skin assessments were performed over four weeks using non-invasive instrumental methods. The obtained results demonstrated improvements in skin hydration, elasticity, firmness, and skin barrier function, together with reductions in transepidermal water loss and erythema. The evaluation of skin textural parameters revealed improvements in skin uniformity and a reduction in the appearance of wrinkles. Among the tested structured systems, F3 formulation exhibited the most pronounced moisturizing effect, while F1 formulation showed notable improvements in parameters associated with skin texture and wrinkle-related features. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that honey-based topical systems enriched with essential and vegetable oils represent promising multifunctional semisolid formulations for topical skin-conditioning and barrier-supportive applications. Their favorable rheological behavior, combined with beneficial effects on skin hydration, barrier function, and skin surface properties, supports their potential use in skin-conditioning and anti-aging-related formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19071103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:47:32Z","timestamp":1784508452000},"page":"1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Characterization of Honey- and Essential Oil-Based Structured Systems for Skin Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4967-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina-Bianca","family":"Ioni\u021b\u0103-M\u00eendrican","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ghica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancu\u021ba C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Fi\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor, 77206 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Buleandr\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90\u201392 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irinel Adriana","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90\u201392 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina-Ionela","family":"St\u0103nciulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Adriana","family":"Ozon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4585-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silviu-Iulian","family":"Filipiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine \u201cProf. Ostin C. Mungiu\u201d\u2014CEMEX, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 9-13 Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Negrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine \u201cProf. Ostin C. Mungiu\u201d\u2014CEMEX, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 9-13 Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwi\u0144ski, G., and Nowak, I. (2024). 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