{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:14:08Z","timestamp":1786115648023,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal plants are widely used in the Mediterranean region, where they have long been employed in traditional medicine as well as in the food and beverage industry. At the same time, people in developed countries are increasingly dissatisfied with modern healthcare due to the side effects and complications associated with chemical drugs, prompting a growing interest in more natural alternative treatments. The Asteraceae family is one of the largest flowering plant families, containing many species with medicinal properties. It comprises over 1600 genera and approximately 25,000 species worldwide. Silybum marianum, Picnomon acarna, Glebionis segetum, and Carduus pycnocephalus are invasive species in the Mediterranean region belonging to the Asteraceae family. Although they have been used traditionally to treat certain diseases, their biological and pharmacological potential has not yet been fully explored. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical components, geographical and botanical characteristics, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and potential applications of these species in green nanotechnology and the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Ethnobotany to Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Review of Selected Asteraceae Species Highlighting Phytochemical Composition, Traditional Uses, and Diverse Pharmacological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joy","family":"Khoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda Lena","family":"El Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Hellany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4489-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghosoon","family":"Albahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rola","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raya I.","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhael","family":"Bechelany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europ\u00e9en des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, CNRS, ENSCM, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Gulf Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Hawally 32093, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Baydoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"},{"name":"Marine Science Station, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13237-022-00405-3","article-title":"Plant-Derived Natural Products for Drug Discovery: Current Approaches and Prospects","volume":"65","author":"Nasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolnik, A., and Olas, B. (2021). The Plants of the Asteraceae Family as Agents in the Protection of Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063009"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/wre.12266","article-title":"Weeds for Weed Control: Asteraceae Essential Oils as Natural Herbicides","volume":"57","author":"Benvenuti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, A.R., Babaei, S., Nosratti, I., Zeidali, E., Babaei, M., Asadi Oskouei, E., Saberi, H., Redhu, M., and Sadeghpour, A. (2025). Emerging Invasive Weeds in Iran: Occurrence, Ecological Impacts, and Sustainable Management. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14172611"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozuharova, E., Malfa, G.A., Acquaviva, R., Spadaro, V., Ionkova, I., Statti, G., and Raimondo, F.M. (2026). The Wild Plants from the Family Asteraceae That Are Traditionally Used for Food in Sicily and Bulgaria and Their Health Benefits. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15060988"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taliwe, A., Lamula, S.Q.N., Buwa-Komoreng, L.V., and Khwaza, V. (2026). Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of Botanicals Derived from Asteraceae Plant Species. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060759"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2021.13.36","article-title":"Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Jayasundera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164568","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/4164568","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal Evidence for Medicinal Plants of the Asteraceae Family Used by Tanzanians to Treat Various Ailments: A Review","volume":"2026","author":"Kacholi","year":"2026","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puglisi, D., Pasquariello, M., Martinelli, T., Paris, R., De Vita, P., Pecchioni, N., Esposito, S., and Bassolino, L. (2024). Genetic Diversity of a Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Germplasm Collection Revealed by DNA Diversity Array Technology (DArTseq). PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308368"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laface, V.L.A., Bombino, G., Musarella, C.M., Proto, A.R., and Spampinato, G. (2026). Analysis of Post-Fire Regeneration Dynamics in Pine Plantations Under Naturalistic Management with In Situ Burnt Logs. Sustainability, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/su18020971"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano, E., Cano-Ortiz, A., Quinto Canas, R., Pi\u00f1ar Fuentes, J.C., Rodrigues Meireles, C., Raposo, M., Pinto Gomes, C., Laface, V.L.A., Spampinato, G., and Musarella, C.M. (2024). Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis Coronaria and G. Discolor (Malvion Neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13050568"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Mohammed, D.M., Korma, S.A., Alshahrani, M.Y., Ahmed, A.E., Ibrahim, E.H., Salem, H.M., Alkafaas, S.S., and Saif, A.M. (2025). Medicinal Plants: Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities, Combating Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms, and Human Health Benefits\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1491777"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, U., Jacobo-Herrera, N., Altemimi, A., and Lakhssassi, N. (2019). A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery. Metabolites, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9110258"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/wsc.2018.74","article-title":"Seed Germination Ecology of Soldier Thistle (Picnomon acarna): An Invasive Weed of Rainfed Crops in Iran","volume":"67","author":"Nosratti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albahri, G., Badran, A., Abdel Baki, Z., Alame, M., Hijazi, A., Daou, A., and Baydoun, E. (2024). Potential Anti-Tumorigenic Properties of Diverse Medicinal Plants against the Majority of Common Types of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050574"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.18466\/cbayarfbe.785328","article-title":"Anatomy of Carlina corymbosa L., Carthamus dentatus Vahl. and Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae)","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Celal Bayar \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-962332","article-title":"Flavonoids from Picnomon acarna","volume":"54","author":"Souleles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i5.3666","article-title":"Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Review on Its Chemistry, Morphology, Ethno Medical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities","volume":"9","author":"Porwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Liu, M., Wang, Z., Wang, P., Kong, L., Wu, J., Wu, W., Ma, L., Jiang, S., and Ren, W. (2024). A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Synthetic Biology and Comprehensive Utilization of Silybum marianum. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1417655"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.9.4.836-843","article-title":"Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant with Several Therapeutic Purposes","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biotech. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, N., Ullah, R., Alamri, S.S., Alwasel, Y.A., AL-Hashimi, A., Abdel-Maksoud, M.A., Okla, M.K., and AbdElgawad, H. (2022). Environment-Driven Changes in the Functional Traits of Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L). Gaertn.] Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Semi-Arid Environment: Perspective on Future Plant Invasion. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.897678"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.027","article-title":"Cultivation of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a Medicinal Weed","volume":"34","author":"Karkanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marceddu, R., Dinolfo, L., Carrubba, A., Sarno, M., and Di Miceli, G. (2022). Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) as a Novel Multipurpose Crop for Agriculture in Marginal Environments: A Review. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030729"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/3.3.464","article-title":"Comparative Survey of the Phytophagous Insect Faunas of Italian Thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus, in Southern California and Southern Europe Relative to Biological Weed Control","volume":"3","author":"Goeden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.05.002","article-title":"Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Carduus pycnocephalus L.","volume":"19","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.3906\/kim-2104-11","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Two New Chemotypes of Glebionis Cass","volume":"45","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"563","article-title":"Karyomorphological and Biochemical Studies in Glebionis Coronaria (L.) Spach and Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourreau from Italy","volume":"144","author":"Paciolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst.-Int. J. Deal. All Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bussmann, R.W. (2024). Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. Ex SpachGlebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Asteraceae. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50009-6_330-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsioutsiou, E.E., Amountzias, V., Vontzalidou, A., Dina, E., Stevanovi\u0107, Z.D., Cheilari, A., and Aligiannis, N. (2022). Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally for Skin Related Problems in the South Balkan and East Mediterranean Region\u2014A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.936047"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijak, M. (2017). Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)\u2014Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111942"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1485687","article-title":"Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) as an Antidote or a Protective Agent against Natural or Chemical Toxicities: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Fanoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/221293","article-title":"Effect of Glebionis segetum (Corn Marigold) Extracts: Insecticidal and Nematicidal Activities against Agricultural Pests Thrips tabaci, Ditylenchus dipsaci, and Sitophilus oryzae","volume":"27","author":"Yamani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-025-02818-7","article-title":"Extraction Process and Phenolic Profiling of Glebionis Coronaria: Insight into Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities with ADME-Based Therapeutic Potential","volume":"18","author":"Derbak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwad, M.I., Salah El Dine, R., Gendy, A.M., Sabry, M.M., and El Hefnawy, H.M. (2024). Exploring the Biological and Phytochemical Potential of Jordan\u2019s Flora: A Review and Update of Eight Selected Genera from Mediterranean Region. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051160"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.06.052","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine by the Communities of Mount Hermon, Lebanon","volume":"173","author":"Baydoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Carduus pycnocephalus Hydro Alcoholic Extract in Female Mice: Acute and Repeated Oral Toxicity Studies","volume":"14","author":"Mousavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Adv. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","article-title":"Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): A Concise Overview on Its Chemistry, Pharmacological, and Nutraceutical Uses in Liver Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.071","article-title":"Characterization of Four Wild Edible Carduus Species from the Mediterranean Region via Phytochemical and Biomolecular Analyses","volume":"100","author":"Marengo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibi, Y., Nisa, S., Chaudhary, F.M., and Zia, M. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Pakistan. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-52"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1021\/np50122a015","article-title":"Phenolics of Picnomon acarna","volume":"58","author":"Laskaris","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekmine, S., Benslama, O., Ola, M.S., Touzout, N., Moussa, H., Tahraoui, H., Hafsa, H., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. (2025). Preliminary Data on Silybum marianum Metabolites: Comprehensive Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial Activities, LC-MS\/MS Profiling, and Predicted ADMET Analysis. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010013"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maaloul, S., Ghzaiel, I., Mahmoudi, M., Mighri, H., Pires, V., Vejux, A., Martine, L., De Barros, J.-P.P., Prost-Camus, E., and Boughalleb, F. (2024). Characterization of Silybum marianum and Silybum Eburneum Seed Oils: Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Properties Supporting Important Nutritional Interests. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304021"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)97838-5","article-title":"Flavonoids of the Flowers of Silybum marianum","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1394862","article-title":"Phenolic Profiling of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Milk Thistle) by HPLC-DAD-ESI\/MS","volume":"80","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayyany, L.E., El-Halawany, E., Soliman, H., and El-Amier, Y. (2026, July 26). Characterization of the Chemical components of the Extracted Carduus pycnocephalus L, and Assessment of Its Potential Novel Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities 2021. Available online: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/PPR\/PPR416088.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1019997\/v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.58985\/jpam.2023.v01i02.14","article-title":"The Bio-Constituents Extracted from Silybum marianum L Plant and Its Effects as Antimicrobial","volume":"1","author":"Melad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Allied Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iraqi, O., Jalal, M., El Mouzazi, I., Jbene, M., Taboz, Y., and Habsaoui, A. (2025). Advances in Extraction Technologies of Silybum marianum L. and Its Role in Protecting Against Skin Damage. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12050211"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sapagh, S., Allam, N.G., El-Sayed, M.N.E.-D., El-Hefnawy, A.A., Korbecka-Glinka, G., and Shala, A.Y. (2023). Effects of Silybum marianum L. Seed Extracts on Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Bacteria. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29010064"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.11.001","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antimicrobial Compounds from Thymus Daenensis and Silybum marianum: Antimicrobial Activity with and without the Presence of Natural Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Safarpoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01925-2","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silybum marianum L. via Multi-Solvent Extraction","volume":"15","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMB Expr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.07.012","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant Properties and Characterization in Nutrients and Phytochemicals of Six Medicinal Plants from the Portuguese Folk Medicine","volume":"32","author":"Barros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2298\/BOTSERB1901031K","article-title":"Fatty Acids of Oil and Antioxidant Capacity of Phenolics from Fruits of 11 Cardueae (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) Taxa from Northeast Anatolia (Turkey)","volume":"43","author":"Kurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bot. Serb."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense","volume":"5","author":"Birben","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","article-title":"Several Lines of Antioxidant Defense against Oxidative Stress: Antioxidant Enzymes, Nanomaterials with Multiple Enzyme-Mimicking Activities, and Low-Molecular-Weight Antioxidants","volume":"98","author":"Jomova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143752","article-title":"Effects of Plant-Derived Antioxidants to the Oxidative Stability of Edible Oils under Thermal and Storage Conditions: Benefits, Challenges and Sustainable Solutions","volume":"479","author":"Yildiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.21276\/ap.2019.8.1.16","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidants Activity of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn","volume":"8","author":"Kiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakus, Z. (2026). Phytochemical Characterisation and Bioactivity of Picnomon acarna Extracts: LC\u2013MS\/MS Profiling, Antioxidant Capacity and Enzyme Inhibition. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31081240"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"124","article-title":"Extraction of Silymarin from Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seeds \u2013 a Comparison of Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Methods","volume":"51","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2026.102099","article-title":"Silybum marianum L. (Milk Thistle): A Review of Phytochemical and Bioactive Compound Extraction, Food Applications, and Safety Considerations","volume":"6","author":"Baba","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwad, M.I., Sabry, M.M., Gendy, A.M., El-Dine, R.S., and El Hefnawy, H.M. (2023). In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Selected Jordanian Flora and Their Associated Phytochemical Analysis. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081626"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.035","article-title":"Assessing Medicinal Plants from South-Eastern Spain for Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects Targeting Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and Other pro-Inflammatory Mediators","volume":"124","author":"Bremner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112409","article-title":"Silybum marianum Total Extract, Silymarin and Silibinin Abate Hepatocarcinogenesis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth via Modulation of the HGF\/c-Met, Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin, and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathways","volume":"145","author":"Yassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515690X211068826","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X211068826","article-title":"Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions","volume":"27","author":"Koltai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115816","article-title":"Application of SNAP-Tag-EGFR Cell Membrane Chromatography Model in Screening Antitumor Active Components of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn","volume":"238","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100164","article-title":"Silybum marianum Seed Disrupts Mitosis by Reducing Polo-like Kinase 1 in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"2","author":"Jao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9835167","article-title":"Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Euphorbia Cyparissias Extracts","volume":"2020","author":"Alonazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayeni, E.A., and Afolayan, A.J. (2025). Antidiabetic Potential of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and Brachylaena Discolor DC (Asteraceae) in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14213267"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.12988\/asb.2013.3936","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Silybum marianum Extract on Blood Glucose, Liver and Kidney Functions in Diabetic Rats","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asb"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2025.2475506","article-title":"Exploring Silybum marianum L. Seeds from Pakistan for Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic Activities, and Phytochemical Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Iqbal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14069","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA01929A","article-title":"Potential Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Catalytic, Antioxidant and ROS\/RNS Inhibitory Activities of Silybum marianum Mediated Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4010204","article-title":"Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Surai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Potential effects of Silybum marianum L. seeds extract on obesity and other related complications in rats","volume":"19","author":"Elhassaneen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fac. Specif. Educ. Port Said Univ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, H., Alex, R., Bellner, L., Raffaele, M., Licari, M., Vanella, L., Stec, D.E., and Abraham, N.G. (2020). Milk Thistle Seed Cold Press Oil Attenuates Markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mouse Model of Dietary-induced Obesity. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13522"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00171","article-title":"Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Silybum marianum Seed Extract Rich in Silydianin and Silychristin in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Awla","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400966","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202400966","article-title":"Dual Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrases VA and VII by Silychristin and Isosilybin A from Silybum marianum: A Potential Antiobesity Strategy","volume":"358","author":"Citriniti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Der Pharm."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/pjfns-2015-0014","article-title":"Effects of Silybum marianum Extract on High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in Rats","volume":"66","author":"Sayin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/09731296241231104","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk Thistle) Ethanol Seed Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats","volume":"20","author":"Maaliah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20122551","article-title":"Effect and the Probable Mechanisms of Silibinin in Regulating Insulin Resistance in the Liver of Rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver","volume":"46","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayyad, M., Sutar, A.D., Shivhare, K., Shukla, R., and Flora, S.J.S. (2025). Silymarin as a Phytopharmaceutical Agent: Advances in Mechanistic Insights, Formulation Strategies, and Pre-Clinical Applications. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1711653"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surai, P.F., Surai, A., and Earle-Payne, K. (2024). Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010098"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakadate, K., Ito, N., Kawakami, K., and Yamazaki, N. (2025). Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Plant-Derived Compounds and Prevention of Chronic Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115206"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.721789","article-title":"The Effect of Silymarin (Silybum marianum) on Human Skin Fibroblasts in an In Vitro Wound Healing Model","volume":"51","author":"Sharifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.25815","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Activity of Leaf and Leaf Callus of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in Albino Rats","volume":"38","author":"Balian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-009-9289-6","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation of Silymarin Protects against Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity, Inflammation and Renal Tumor Promotion Response","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M., Ullah, M.A., Drouet, S., Younas, M., Tungmunnithum, D., Giglioli-Guivarc\u2019h, N., Hano, C., and Abbasi, B.H. (2019). Interactive Effects of Light and Melatonin on Biosynthesis of Silymarin and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Callus Cultures of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201903.0007.v1"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M., Jan, H., Drouet, S., Tungmunnithum, D., Shirazi, J.H., Hano, C., and Abbasi, B.H. (2021). Chitosan Elicitation Impacts Flavonolignan Biosynthesis in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn Cell Suspension and Enhances Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cell Extracts. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0204.v1"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16480","article-title":"In Vitro Effects of Undifferentiated Callus Extracts from Plantago Major L, Rhodiola Rosea L and Silybum marianum L in Normal and Malignant Human Skin Cells","volume":"9","author":"Holefors","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e481","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.0894211","article-title":"Cold-Pressed Milk Thistle Seed Oil: Physico-Chemical Properties, Composition and Sensory Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Ok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01998-2","article-title":"Silybum marianum Seeds Mitigate Pro-Inflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils and Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Kouki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayda, S., Adeel, M., Tuccinardi, T., Cordani, M., and Rizzolio, F. (2019). The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical-Physical Applications to Nanomedicine. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010112"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karunakaran, G., Sudha, K.G., Ali, S., and Cho, E.-B. (2023). Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Various Biological Sources and Its Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114527"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2026.101929","article-title":"Green Synthesis Methods for Nanoparticles: Principles, Biological Routes, and Physicochemical Approaches toward Sustainable Nanotechnology","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102336","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Current Developments and Limitations","volume":"26","author":"Ying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101275","article-title":"Plant-Derived Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis, Factors, and Bioactivities","volume":"9","author":"Hanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110889","article-title":"Synthesis of Bio-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles from Silybum marianum and Their Biological and Clinical Activities","volume":"112","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S451694","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Moringa peregrina and Their Toxicity on MCF-7 and Caco-2 Human Cancer Cells","volume":"19","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14020586","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Five Herbal Extracts Against Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Strains of Bacteria and Fungus of Clinical Origin","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah, A.S., El Sayed, I.E.T., El-Torgoman, A.M.A., Alghamdi, N.A., Ullah, S., Wageh, S., and Kamel, M.A. (2021). Preparation and Characterization of Silymarin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Therapeutic Effects against Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats: Role of MicroRNAs as Molecular Targets. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121767"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230215","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2023-0215","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Formulated by Silybum Marianum on Menopausal Urinary Incontinence in Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111117","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Experimental Cholestasis","volume":"115","author":"Clichici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.073","article-title":"Asteraceae Species with Most Prominent Bioactivity and Their Potential Applications: A Review","volume":"76","author":"Bessada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macias-Konstantopoulos, W.L., Collins, K.A., Diaz, R., Duber, H.C., Edwards, C.D., Hsu, A.P., Ranney, M.L., Riviello, R.J., Wettstein, Z.S., and Sachs, C.J. (2023). Race, Healthcare, and Health Disparities: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Advancing Health Equity. W. J. Emerg. Med., 24.","DOI":"10.5811\/WESTJEM.58408"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozuharova, E., Malfa, G.A., Acquaviva, R., Vald\u00e9s, B., Batovska, D., Stoycheva, C., Rejdali, M., Marino, P., and Spadaro, V. (2025). Wild Species from the Asteraceae Family, Traditionally Consumed in Some Mediterranean Countries. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14132006"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2024.100749","article-title":"A Review on the Influence of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods on Health","volume":"5","author":"Vignesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-020-09504-1","article-title":"The Contribution of Wild Edible Plants to the Mediterranean Diet: An Ethnobotanical Case Study Along the Coast of Campania (Southern Italy)","volume":"74","author":"Motti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baydoun, S., Hani, N., Nasser, H., Ulian, T., and Arnold-Apostolides, N. (2023). Wild Leafy Vegetables: A Potential Source for a Traditional Mediterranean Food from Lebanon. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.991979"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, B., Cossu, T., El Zein, H., Liu, U., Ulian, T., and Bacchetta, G. (2025). A Comprehensive Checklist of Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants: Diversity, Traditional Uses, and Knowledge Gaps. Plants People Planet, 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.70137"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/03670240600648963","article-title":"Wild Edible Plants and Their Traditional Use in the Human Nutrition in Bosnia-Herzegovina","volume":"45","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70101","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70101","article-title":"Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"13","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101103","article-title":"Have Safety and Efficacy Assessments of Bioactives Come of Age?","volume":"89","author":"Dwyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedrn\u00ed\u010dek, J., Lorenc, F., Jaro\u0161ov\u00e1, M., B\u00e1rtov\u00e1, V., Smetana, P., Kadlec, J., Jirotkov\u00e1, D., Kyselka, J., Petr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1, E., and Bjelkov\u00e1, M. (2022). Milk Thistle Oilseed Cake Flour Fractions: A Source of Silymarin and Macronutrients for Gluten-Free Bread. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102022"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makouie, S., Ma\u0142ajowicz, J., G\u03ccrska, A., Piasecka-Lenartowicz, I., Strojny-Cie\u015blak, B., Pruchniewski, M., Zieniuk, B., and Bry\u015b, J. (2026). Compositional Characterization of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seeds and Press Cake with Emphasis on Press Cake Valorization. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16115265"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, Z., Yan, X., and Yu, Q. (2025). Silymarin and Silybin: Rejuvenating Traditional Remedies with Modern Delivery Strategies. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121628"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-92-1-0174A","article-title":"First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia carduorum on Italian Thistle in Tunisia","volume":"92","author":"Mejri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00161-8","article-title":"Flavonoids as Natural Phenolic Compounds and Their Role in Therapeutics: An Overview","volume":"7","author":"Mutha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Futur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carboni, A.D., Di Renzo, T., Nazzaro, S., Marena, P., Puppo, M.C., and Reale, A. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Edible Flowers with a Focus on Microbiological, Nutritional, and Potential Health Aspects. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14101719"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.109576","article-title":"Emerging Non-Thermal and Low-Temperature Food Processing Technologies: Effects on Food Quality, Safety, and Sustainability","volume":"83","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2005.06.001","article-title":"Insecticidal Activity of Some Essential Oils against Larvae of Spodoptera Littoralis","volume":"76","author":"Pavela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovi\u0107, S., and Leskovac, A. (2026). Biopesticides and Human Health Risks: A Critical Review. Toxics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030246"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keservani, R.K., Sharma, A.K., and Kesharwani, R.K. (2017). Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Technology, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-0754-3"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04791","article-title":"Health Benefits of Silybum marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T04:22:34Z","timestamp":1785990154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19081220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19081220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}