{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:48:18Z","timestamp":1785836898124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eye drops remain the principal topical treatment for ocular infections, yet rapid precorneal clearance, variable dose delivery and limited tissue penetration can restrict local drug availability and necessitate frequent administration. Conjunctival inserts have long been investigated as a means of extending ocular residence and thin film inserts offer a more adaptable solid dosage form that may provide a defined drug-containing unit, prolonged local exposure and hydration-dependent dissolution or transformation within the conjunctival sac. Clinical translation remains limited by substantial variability in formulation design, manufacturing control and performance testing. This review critically evaluates the manufacture and characterisation of ocular anti-infective thin film inserts, with the aim of identifying the principal factors that determine reproducibility, interpretability and progression beyond formulation feasibility. Film architecture, polymer selection and drug-loading strategy are considered in relation to the physicochemical characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the intended behaviour of the finished insert. Solvent casting remains the most extensively investigated manufacturing approach, while extrusion, electrospinning and additive manufacturing broaden the available processing options. Across these methods, incomplete specification of material and process variables frequently restricts comparison and reproducibility. Testing procedures are similarly heterogeneous and often assess individual attributes without establishing how the finished insert performs under conditions relevant to conjunctival administration. Particular limitations concern dosage-unit uniformity, hydration and matrix transformation, drug-release models and the interpretation of antimicrobial activity. Progression towards clinically relevant products will require indication-led development in which manufacturing control, pharmaceutical quality, ocular compatibility and biorelevant performance evaluation are considered as connected elements. This approach may provide a stronger basis for determining whether the potential advantages of ocular anti-infective thin film inserts can be translated into reproducible and clinically useful dosage forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:15:22Z","timestamp":1785834922000},"page":"1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Critical Evaluation of Key Elements in Manufacturing Procedures and Testing Methodologies for Ocular Anti-Infective Thin Film Inserts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Desiato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science Research Group (OVSRG), School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Affiong","family":"Iyire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Pharmacy School, College of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0855-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Gil-Cazorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science Research Group (OVSRG), School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2015.1070171","article-title":"Ocular delivery systems for topical application of anti-infective agents","volume":"42","author":"Duxfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.07.027","article-title":"Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery","volume":"58","author":"Urtti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.057","article-title":"Advances and limitations of drug delivery systems formulated as eye drops","volume":"321","author":"Jumelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-016-0339-2","article-title":"A comprehensive insight on ocular pharmacokinetics","volume":"6","author":"Agrahari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121105","article-title":"Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration","volume":"608","author":"Maulvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1990.6.243","article-title":"Review: Systemic absorption of topically applied ocular drugs in humans","volume":"6","author":"Salminen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2003.12.009","article-title":"Determinants of eye drop size","volume":"49","author":"Ludwig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"917","article-title":"Systematic study of factors affecting eye drop size and dosing variability","volume":"60","author":"Zatloukal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Die Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001002","article-title":"Potential new fluoroquinolone treatments for suspected bacterial keratitis","volume":"7","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001942","article-title":"Medication Burden for Patients with Bacterial Keratitis","volume":"38","author":"Ballouz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6112","article-title":"Do Adherence Rates and Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression Correlate?","volume":"21","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.1.1.145","article-title":"Challenges and solutions in topical ocular drug-delivery systems","volume":"1","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allyn, M.M., Luo, R.H., Hellwarth, E.B., and Swindle-Reilly, K.E. (2021). Considerations for Polymers Used in Ocular Drug Delivery. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.787644"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102342","article-title":"Strategies to prolong the residence time of drug delivery systems on ocular surface","volume":"288","author":"Grassiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazet, R., Yam\u00e9ogo, J.B.G., Wouessidjewe, D., Choisnard, L., and G\u00e8ze, A. (2020). Recent Advances in the Design of Topical Ophthalmic Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Their Biopharmaceutical Evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060570"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.07.005","article-title":"The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery","volume":"57","author":"Ludwig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research progress of in-situ gelling ophthalmic drug delivery system","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassano, R., Di Gioia, M.L., and Trombino, S. (2021). Gel-Based Materials for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7030130"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiseev, R.V., Morrison, P.W.J., Steele, F., and Khutoryanskiy, V.V. (2019). Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070321"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00261-2","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of potential ocular permeation enhancers evaluated on rabbit and human corneal epithelial cell lines","volume":"122","author":"Burgalassi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.12.018","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticulate system: A potential approach for ocular drug delivery","volume":"136","author":"Nagarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.04.001","article-title":"Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye","volume":"122","author":"Janagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118769776","article-title":"Novel drug delivery systems for ocular therapy: With special reference to liposomal ocular delivery","volume":"29","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaneev, A., Tikhomirova, V., Chesnokova, N., Popova, E., Beznos, O., Kost, O., and Klyachko, N. (2021). Nanotechnology for Topical Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212368"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.01.010","article-title":"Topical drug delivery devices: A review","volume":"168","author":"Bertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2016.1138342","article-title":"A review on therapeutic contact lenses for ocular drug delivery","volume":"23","author":"Maulvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, P., and De Marco, I. (2021). Contact Lenses as Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071102"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rykowska, I., Nowak, I., and Nowak, R. (2021). Soft Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185577"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000980","article-title":"US Regulatory Approval of a Drug-Eluting Contact Lens","volume":"49","author":"Novack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-016-0332-9","article-title":"Rapidly dissolving polymeric microneedles for minimally invasive intraocular drug delivery","volume":"6","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01043-z","article-title":"In vitro dissolution testing models of ocular implants for posterior segment drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Adrianto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.09.039","article-title":"Intracorneal injection of a detachable hybrid microneedle for sustained drug delivery","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-017-0470-8","article-title":"Corneal delivery of besifloxacin using rapidly dissolving polymeric microneedles","volume":"8","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(95)04096-X","article-title":"Controlled release of timolol maleate from coated ophthalmic mini-tablets prepared by compression","volume":"126","author":"Saettone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1975.01010020571003","article-title":"Pilocarpine ocusert system for sustained control of ocular hypertension","volume":"93","author":"Macoul","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"55","article-title":"Soluble ophthalmic drug inserts with antibacterial and antiviral preparations","volume":"56","author":"Maichuk","year":"1979","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Trach. Pathol. Ocul. Trop. Subtrop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04088.x","article-title":"Scintigraphic studies on the corneal residence of a New Ophthalmic Delivery System (NODS): Rate of clearance of a soluble marker in relation to duration of pharmacological action of pilocarpine","volume":"33","author":"Greaves","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"587","article-title":"Review of hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic inserts for treatment of dry eye","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"801","article-title":"Comparative study measuring the dilatory effect of a mydriatic device (Mydriasert(\u00ae)) versus topical drops","volume":"6","author":"Sabater","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1996.12.5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic differences between ocular inserts and eyedrops","volume":"12","author":"Friedrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.495811","article-title":"Correlating patient-reported response to hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic insert (LACRISERT(R)) therapy with clinical outcomes: Tools for predicting response","volume":"35","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/0110-5558.72419","article-title":"Ocular inserts\u2014Advancement in therapy of eye diseases","volume":"1","author":"Kumari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"214","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic inserts (lacrisert) reduce the signs and symptoms of dry eye syndrome and improve patient quality of life","volume":"107","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0181-5512(04)96233-X","article-title":"The Mydriasert insert: An alternative to eye drops for preangiographic mydriasis","volume":"27","author":"Korobelnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelusi, L., Mandatori, D., Mastropasqua, L., Agnifili, L., Allegretti, M., Nubile, M., and Pandolfi, A. (2023). Innovation in the Development of Synthetic and Natural Ocular Drug Delivery Systems for Eye Diseases Treatment: Focusing on Drug-Loaded Ocular Inserts, Contacts, and Intraocular Lenses. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020625"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00825-1","article-title":"Ocular films versus film-forming liquid systems for enhanced ocular drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Wafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"559","article-title":"Thin films as an emerging platform for drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Karki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102352","article-title":"Development and evaluation of ocular antibiotic-loaded soluble film inserts","volume":"48","author":"Desiato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.103964","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of ocular thin films: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Farahmandnejad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.02.001","article-title":"Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: Importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties","volume":"24","author":"Subrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M.S., Gowda, D.V., Kumar, T.P., and Rosenholm, J.M. (2022). A Comprehensive Review of Patented Technologies to Fabricate Orodispersible Films: Proof of Patent Analysis (2000\u20132020). Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040820"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122423","article-title":"Formulation development and in Vitro\u2013Ex vivo characterization of hot-melt extruded ciprofloxacin hydrochloride inserts for ocular applications: Part I","volume":"630","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghe, S., Mirzaeei, S., and Ahmadi, A. (2023). Preparation and Evaluation of Nanofibrous and Film-Structured Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Inserts for Sustained Ocular Delivery: Pharmacokinetic Study in Rabbit\u2019s Eye. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040913"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122533","article-title":"Design and optimization of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride biodegradable 3D printed ocular inserts: Full factorial design and in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluations: Part II","volume":"631","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118963","article-title":"Trends in the production methods of orodispersible films","volume":"576","author":"Musazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"139","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ocular inserts of ofloxacin","volume":"15","author":"Tanwar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Daru-J. Fac. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00887-1","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin self-dissolvable Soluplus based polymeric films: A novel proposal to improve the management of eye infections","volume":"11","author":"Guillot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120016729","article-title":"Ophthalmic delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from different polymer formulations: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"29","author":"Charoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297603","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/297603","article-title":"Bilayered Films Based on Novel Polymer Derivative for Improved Ocular Therapy of Gatifloxacin","volume":"2014","author":"Aher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.05.014","article-title":"Composite bi-layered erodible films for potential ocular drug delivery","volume":"145","author":"Boateng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzaeei, S., Taghe, S., Alany, R.G., and Nokhodchi, A. (2022). Eudragit\u00ae L100\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanoparticles Impregnated Mucoadhesive Films as Ocular Inserts for Controlled Delivery of Erythromycin: Development, Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081917"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115036","article-title":"Orodispersible films\u2014Recent developments and new applications in drug delivery and therapy","volume":"200","author":"Morath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120676","article-title":"Development and optimization of hot-melt extruded moxifloxacin hydrochloride inserts, for ocular applications, using the design of experiments","volume":"603","author":"Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02051-5","article-title":"Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Chitosan Single-Layered and Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Chitosan\/Eudragit RL100 Multi-layered Electrospun Nanofibers as an Ocular Matrix for the Controlled Release of Ofloxacin: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Mirzaeei","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas, E., Abboud, H., Nagy, N., Hofmeister, B., Ostorh\u00e1zi, E., T\u00f3th, B., Pinke, B., M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros, L., Zelk\u00f3, R., and Kazsoki, A. (2024). Formulation and Development of Nanofiber-Based Ophthalmic Insert for the Treatment of Bacterial Conjunctivitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179228"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"100297","article-title":"Preservative-free electrospun nanofibrous inserts for sustained delivery of ceftazidime; design, characterization and pharmacokinetic investigation in rabbit\u2019s eye","volume":"8","author":"Taghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105353","article-title":"Development and evaluation of 3D-printed ocular insert containing liposomal moxifloxacin","volume":"92","author":"Duman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139726","article-title":"Moxifloxacin-loaded PVA-chitosan composite films as potential ocular drug delivery systems: A comprehensive characterization and efficacy assessment","volume":"296","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121010","article-title":"3D printed ocusert laden with ultra-fluidic glycerosomes of ganciclovir for the management of ocular cytomegalovirus retinitis","volume":"607","author":"Naguib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00808","article-title":"Infill-Modulated, Bioerodible, and Biocompatible Ocular Inserts for Tunable Acyclovir Release via Direct Powder Extrusion 3D Printing","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802023104","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride soluble ocular drug insert","volume":"33","author":"Mundada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.100040","article-title":"Ocular insert for sustained delivery of gatifloxacin sesquihydrate: Preparation and evaluations","volume":"2","author":"Khurana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(05)50041-8","article-title":"Design and optimization of ocular inserts for prolonged delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride","volume":"15","author":"Samanta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2010.502533","article-title":"Development of polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin membranes for antibiotic delivery in the eye","volume":"37","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2478\/v10007-012-0002-5","article-title":"Design and evaluation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride ocular inserts","volume":"62","author":"Pawar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghe, S., Mirzaeei, S., Alany, R.G., and Nokhodchi, A. (2020). Polymeric Inserts Containing Eudragit(\u00ae) L100 Nanoparticle for Improved Ocular Delivery of Azithromycin. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8110466"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.12.027","article-title":"Mechanisms of polymeric film formation","volume":"457","author":"Felton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-013-9971-z","article-title":"Plasticizer effects on physical-mechanical properties of solvent cast Soluplus\u00ae films","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arribada, R.G., Behar-Cohen, F., de Barros, A.L.B., and Silva-Cunha, A. (2022). The Use of Polymer Blends in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071431"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.04.002","article-title":"Critical factors in the release of drugs from sustained release hydrophilic matrices","volume":"154","author":"Maderuelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00167-2","article-title":"Applications of polymer blends in drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Nyamweya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105736","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: Physicochemical properties and ocular drug delivery formulations","volume":"159","author":"Tundisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450903262017","article-title":"Controlled release polymeric ocular delivery of acyclovir","volume":"15","author":"Deshpande","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"8","article-title":"Preparation of Fluconazole \u03b2-Cyclodextrin Complex Ocuserts: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"2011","author":"Sreeramulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"S62","article-title":"Design and Characterization of Ofloxacin and Dexamethasone Ocular Inserts Using Combination of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Polymers","volume":"11","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, B., Mishra, V., Gharat, S., Momin, M., and Omri, A. (2021). Cellulosic Polymers for Enhancing Drug Bioavailability in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111201"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.11.001","article-title":"Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery","volume":"6","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2020.1741007","article-title":"Development of Ethyl Cellulose-based Formulations: A Perspective on the Novel Technical Methods","volume":"38","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Mondal, H., Jin, R., Yoon, H.J., Kim, H.-J., Jee, J.-P., and Yoon, K.C. (2023). Cellulose Acetate Phthalate-Based pH-Responsive Cyclosporine A-Loaded Contact Lens for the Treatment of Dry Eye. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032361"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"8886095","article-title":"Current Status of Alginate in Drug Delivery","volume":"2020","author":"Hariyadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhfh.2022.100071","article-title":"Recent progress in alginate-based carriers for ocular targeting of therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Karmakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll. Health"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranaz, I., Alc\u00e1ntara, A.R., Civera, M.C., Arias, C., Elorza, B., Heras Caballero, A., and Acosta, N. (2021). Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193256"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2008.00080.x","article-title":"Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential--a critical literature survey","volume":"2","author":"Raafat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450902967947","article-title":"Development and evaluation of ocular drug delivery system","volume":"15","author":"Gorle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamboulis, A., Nanaki, S., Michailidou, G., Koumentakou, I., Lazaridou, M., Ainali, N.M., Xanthopoulou, E., and Bikiaris, D.N. (2020). Chitosan and its Derivatives for Ocular Delivery Formulations: Recent Advances and Developments. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071519"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.02.014","article-title":"Charge-reversible and biodegradable chitosan-based microgels for lysozyme-triggered release of vancomycin","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collado-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez Espinosa, Y., and Goycoolea, F.M. (2019). Interaction Between Chitosan and Mucin: Fundamentals and Applications. Biomimetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics4020032"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and characterization of bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular inserts of gatifloxacin sesquihydrate","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Daru-J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.914","article-title":"Design and evaluation of polymeric ocular drug delivery system","volume":"57","author":"Gorle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114637","article-title":"Excipients in drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review of approved inactive ingredients for human ophthalmic formulations","volume":"208","author":"Arribada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.09.019","article-title":"Gelatin-based nanoparticles as drug and gene delivery systems: Reviewing three decades of research","volume":"172","author":"Elzoghby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-022-0078-9","article-title":"Recent Trends in Drug Delivery and Emerging Biomedical Applications of Gelatin for Ophthalmic Indications","volume":"30","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.001","article-title":"Guar gum as a promising starting material for diverse applications: A review","volume":"88","author":"Thombare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.099","article-title":"Recent trends on gellan gum blends with natural and synthetic polymers: A review","volume":"109","author":"Zia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-8398.104836","article-title":"Design and evaluation of guar gum-based ofloxacin sustained release ocular insert","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.11.008","article-title":"Biomaterials of PVA and PVP in medical and pharmaceutical applications: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"37","author":"Teodorescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, P., and De Marco, I. (2020). The Use of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051114"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2322-1232.222620","article-title":"Design and evaluation of soluble ocular insert for controlled release of chloramphenicol","volume":"6","author":"Mirzaeei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rep. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122911","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid\u2014PVA films for the simultaneous delivery of dexamethasone and levofloxacin to ocular tissues","volume":"638","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-017-0443-y","article-title":"Ex vivo rabbit cornea diffusion studies with a soluble insert of moxifloxacin","volume":"8","author":"Rodilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjps.2017.02.001","article-title":"Pharmaceutical significance of Eudragit: A review","volume":"3","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, J., da Silva, G.S., Velho, M.C., and Beck, R.C.R. (2021). Eudragit(\u00ae): A Versatile Family of Polymers for Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D Printing Processes in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091424"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011","article-title":"Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review","volume":"47","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"23","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Applications of Plasticized Polymers","volume":"159","author":"Dittrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Plast."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.07.035","article-title":"Effect of the plasticizer on permeability, mechanical resistance and thermal behaviour of composite coating films","volume":"238","author":"Laboulfie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Qian, H. (2021). Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9050603"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00550-9","article-title":"The effects of hydrogen bonding upon the viscosity of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions","volume":"41","author":"Briscoe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.11.023","article-title":"Manufacture and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films","volume":"77","author":"Morales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.06.014","article-title":"Oral strip technology: Overview and future potential","volume":"139","author":"Dixit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyukgoz, G.G., Castro, J.N., Atalla, A.E., Pentangelo, J.G., Tripathi, S., and Dav\u00e9, R.N. (2021). Impact of Mixing on Content Uniformity of Thin Polymer Films Containing Drug Micro-Doses. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060812"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0836-8","article-title":"Experimental Studies and Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Multicomponent Polymer Films","volume":"19","author":"Velaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"576","article-title":"Film-Forming Systems in Topically Administered Pharmaceutical Formulations","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i6.28495","article-title":"Fabrication of Bioadhesive Ocusert with Different Polymers: Once a Day Dose","volume":"10","author":"Dawaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2009.08.004","article-title":"Effects of plasticizers and surfactants on the film forming properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose for the coating of diclofenac sodium tablets","volume":"17","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1295\/1\/012020","article-title":"Effect of Sago Starch Concentrations, Stirring Speeds, and Lemongrass Oil Concentration for Edible Film Production Using Solvent Casting Method","volume":"1295","author":"Santosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2016.10.006","article-title":"Effect of homogenization stirring speed on mechanical and water barrier properties of gallic acid treated zein-oleic acid composite films","volume":"10","author":"Masamba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"184","article-title":"Oral film technology: Challenges and future scope for pharmaceutical industry","volume":"3","author":"Amin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/15672018113106660060","article-title":"Development and optimization of controlled release bioerodable anti infective ophthalmic insert","volume":"11","author":"Thakur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.214","article-title":"Glycol chitosan\/oxidized hyaluronic acid hydrogel film for topical ocular delivery of dexamethasone and levofloxacin","volume":"167","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040801928952","article-title":"Investigating a New Approach to Film Casting for Enhanced Drug Content Uniformity in Polymeric Films","volume":"34","author":"Perumal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1989.34.3.147","article-title":"A Technical Note on the Casting of Unsupported Polymeric Films","volume":"34","author":"Hansen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.12.001","article-title":"Drying conditions highly influence the characteristics of glycerol-plasticized alginate films","volume":"90","author":"Bagheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Harrasi, A., Bhatia, S., Al-Azri, M.S., Ullah, S., Najmi, A., Albratty, M., Meraya, A.M., Mohan, S., and Aldawsari, M.F. (2022). Effect of Drying Temperature on Physical, Chemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Ginger Oil Loaded Gelatin-Sodium Alginate Edible Films. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12090862"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.043","article-title":"Drying process of sodium alginate edible films forming solutions studied by LF NMR","volume":"250","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201818999201210212557","article-title":"Trends in the Characterization Methods of Orodispersible Films","volume":"18","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2019-0018","article-title":"How to assess orodispersible film quality? A review of applied methods and their modifications","volume":"69","author":"Wasilewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.M., and Woo, S.J. (2021). Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010108"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeia (2022). General Chapter \u2329771\u232a Ophthalmic Products\u2014Quality Tests. USP\u2013NF, United States Pharmacopeia."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeia (2023). General Chapter \u2329905\u232a Uniformity of Dosage Units. USP\u2013NF, United States Pharmacopeia."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"193","article-title":"Study of the applicabilty of content uniformity and dissolution variation test on ropinirole hydrochloride tablets","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00269-6","article-title":"Uniformity of dosage units\u2014Comparative study of methods and specifications between Eur. Pharm. 3rd and USP 23","volume":"18","author":"Farinha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.11.019","article-title":"In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films","volume":"166","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.36290\/csf.2016.019","article-title":"The influence of hyaluronan addition on thickness, weight, uniformity of mass and water content of mucoadhesive films","volume":"65","author":"Gajdziok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceska Slov. Farm."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"50","article-title":"Orally fast dissolving films: Innovations in formulation and technology","volume":"9","author":"Bhyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salawi, A. (2022). An Insight into Preparatory Methods and Characterization of Orodispersible Film\u2014A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070844"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.114897","article-title":"Orally dissolving strips: A new approach to oral drug delivery system","volume":"3","author":"Bala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.07.008","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of new combination ocular insert for the combined delivery of tinidazole and levofloxacin","volume":"80","author":"Noori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"WHO (2019). Uniformity of mass for single-dose preparations. The International Pharmacopoeia, WHO. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.10.067","article-title":"Content uniformity and assay requirements in current regulations","volume":"1156","author":"Ganzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2023). Water-Solid Interactions: Determination of Sorption-Desorption Isotherms and of Water Activity, The British Pharmacopoeia."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.07.064","article-title":"Phase behaviour and non-monotonic film drying kinetics of aluminium chlorohydrate\u2013glycerol\u2013water ternary solutions","volume":"481","author":"Ferretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.11.033","article-title":"Mechanical strength test for orodispersible and buccal films","volume":"461","author":"Preis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2016.1199567","article-title":"Outlining critical quality attributes (CQAs) as guidance for the development of orodispersible films","volume":"22","author":"Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"100033","article-title":"Glassy state molecular mobility and its relationship to the physico-mechanical properties of plasticized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films","volume":"1","author":"Boateng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janigov\u00e1, N., Elbl, J., Pavlokov\u00e1, S., and Gajdziok, J. (2022). Effects of Various Drying Times on the Properties of 3D Printed Orodispersible Films. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020250"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032612","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.96.032612","article-title":"Humidity-insensitive water evaporation from molecular complex fluids","volume":"96","author":"Salmon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118941","article-title":"Modeling the interplay between solvent evaporation and phase separation dynamics during membrane","volume":"620","author":"Manzanarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2023). Determination of Loss on Drying, The British Pharmacopoeia."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14305","article-title":"Comparison of Oven-drying Methods for Determination of Moisture Content in Feed Ingredients","volume":"27","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843949","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3843949","article-title":"Water Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Starch\/Chitosan Nanoparticle Films","volume":"2019","author":"Othman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"1000246","article-title":"In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Timolol Maleate Ocular Inserts Using Different Polymers","volume":"3","author":"Attia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.143131","article-title":"Design, formulation, and evaluation of novel sustain release bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular inserts of ketorolac tromethamine","volume":"4","author":"Jethava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2023). Characters Section in Monographs, The British Pharmacopoeia."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"53","article-title":"Polymeric films as vehicle for buccal delivery: Swelling, mechanical, and bioadhesive properties","volume":"2","author":"Peh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41185","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41185","article-title":"Impact of saccharides on the drying kinetics of agarose gels measured by in-situ interferometry","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1208\/pt0802045","article-title":"Effect of hydrophilic polymers on buccoadhesive eudragit patches of propranolol hydrochloride using factorial design","volume":"8","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.17.10.1005.5239","article-title":"Fluorophotometric measurement of the buffering action of human tears in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Yamada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Hoyte, L., and Damaser, M. (2016). Chapter Four\u2014Introduction to Classical Mechanics. Biomechanics of the Female Pelvic Floor, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Asiri, A.M., and Mohammad, A. (2019). 17\u2014Mechanical stability of dental materials. Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Dentistry, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"25","article-title":"Folding Endurance and Tensile Strength of Paper","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Inst. Conserv. Hist. Artist. Works"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2021035222","article-title":"Role of In Vitro Models for Development of Ophthalmic Delivery Systems","volume":"38","author":"Kutlehria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000760","article-title":"Release of Fluconazole from Contact Lenses Using a Novel In Vitro Eye Model","volume":"93","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Ibeanu, N., Brocchini, S., Khaw, P.T., Bouremel, Y., and Awwad, S. (2022). Development of an in vitro model to estimate mass transfer from the anterior cavity. Front. Drug Deliv., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2022.1025029"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.07.017","article-title":"Melt-Cast Noninvasive Ocular Inserts for Posterior Segment Drug Delivery","volume":"106","author":"Balguri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeia (2017). General Chapter \u23291771\u232a Ophthalmic Products\u2014Performance Tests. USP-NF, United States Pharmacopeia."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"915","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Dorzolamide and Timolol Ocuserts","volume":"8","author":"Abdou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(96)01523-4","article-title":"A novel in situ-forming ophthalmic drug delivery system from alginates undergoing gelation in the eye","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410700","article-title":"Tear volume in normal eyes and keratoconjunctivitis sicca","volume":"192","author":"Scherz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Albrecht Graefes Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(95)00010-5","article-title":"Ocular absorption following topical delivery","volume":"16","author":"Urtti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102413","article-title":"In vivo drug delivery via contact lenses: The current state of the field from origins to present","volume":"63","author":"Wuchte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01276-6","article-title":"In vitro-in vivo correlation of drug release profiles from medicated contact lenses using an in vitro eye blink model","volume":"13","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamanca, C.H., Barrera-Ocampo, A., Lasso, J.C., Camacho, N., and Yarce, C.J. (2018). Franz Diffusion Cell Approach for Pre-Formulation Characterisation of Ketoprofen Semi-Solid Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030148"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118662","article-title":"Chitosan\/hydroxyethyl cellulose inserts for sustained-release of dorzolamide for glaucoma treatment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"570","author":"Franca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.02.014","article-title":"Testing drug release from medicated contact lenses: The missing link to predict in vivo performance","volume":"343","author":"Phan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.5.1","article-title":"Development of an Eye Model with a Physiological Blink Mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, C.-M., Shukla, M., Walther, H., Heynen, M., Suh, D., and Jones, L. (2021). Development of an In Vitro Blink Model for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030300"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2024.05.005","article-title":"OphthalMimic: A new alternative apparatus without animal tissue for the evaluation of topical ophthalmic drug products","volume":"228","author":"Barbalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contarato, J.L.A., Barbalho, G.N., Cunha-Filho, M., Gelfuso, G.M., and Gratieri, T. (2024). Applying Different Conditions in the OphthalMimic Device Using Polymeric and Hydrogel-Based Hybrid Membranes to Evaluate Gels and Nanostructured Ophthalmic Formulations. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10080538"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.04.075","article-title":"In vitro release testing method development for ophthalmic ointments","volume":"526","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, D., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zhang, X., and Yan, C. (2021). Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the Treatment of Enteric Infections. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237136"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"4742","article-title":"Bilayered desing of a novel ocular drug delivey system to improve sustained release of levofloxacin","volume":"64","author":"Desiato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"(1999). Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents (Standard No. CLSI M26-A)."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00724-2","article-title":"An in vitro resistance study of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using keratitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"108","author":"Kowalski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"(2024). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically (Standard No. CLSI M07-Ed12)."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.025","article-title":"An Ophthalmologist\u2019s Guide to Understanding Antibiotic Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Data","volume":"112","author":"Kowalski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181a81835","article-title":"Increased resistance of contact lens-related bacterial biofilms to antimicrobial activity of soft contact lens care solutions","volume":"28","author":"Imamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave, A., Samarth, A., Karolia, R., Sharma, S., Karunakaran, E., Partridge, L., MacNeil, S., Monk, P.N., Garg, P., and Roy, S. (2020). Characterization of Ocular Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Non-Contact Lens Related Keratitis Patients from South India. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020260"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4ndler, C., Matthes, R., McBain, A.J., Giese, B., Fraunholz, M., Sietmann, R., Kohlmann, T., H\u00fcbner, N.O., and Kramer, A. (2010). A three-phase in-vitro system for studying Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion and biofilm formation upon hydrogel contact lenses. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-282"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55431","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c18217","article-title":"Phosphorylcholine-Based Contact Lenses for Sustained Release of Resveratrol: Design, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Performances, and In Vivo Behavior","volume":"14","author":"Carracedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"European Commission (2022). EU Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use; Annex 1: Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products. The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"OECD (2024). Guidance Document on Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for Serious Eye Damage and Eye Irritation, OECD Publishing. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91481-6","article-title":"Soluble Ophthalmic Drug Inserts","volume":"305","author":"Maichuk","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"Khromov, G.L., Davydov, A.B., Maichuk, J.F., and Tishina, I.F. (1976). Base for Ophthalmological Medicinal Preparation on Opthalmological Medicinal Film. (U.S. Patent 3,978,201)."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"(1982). Smith and Nephew Associated Companies PLC. Medicament Applicator. (GB Patent Application 2097680A)."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). Quality Considerations for Topical Ophthalmic Drug Products: Draft Guidance for Industry."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:36:36Z","timestamp":1785836196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19081222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19081222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}