{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:24:26Z","timestamp":1792729466829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Acute inflammatory episodes demand rapid symptom control while limiting systemic exposure. We assessed whether co-therapy with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor etoricoxib and the corticosteroid betamethasone provides antinociceptive and anti-edema activity in a rat model with complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 10\/group) were allocated to seven groups: Intact, AIA disease control, indomethacin 5 mg\/kg, etoricoxib 8 mg\/kg, betamethasone 0.022 mg\/kg, low-dose combination (4 + 0.011 mg\/kg), and full-dose combination (8 + 0.022 mg\/kg), administered orally once daily from Days 4 to 28. Paw edema, von Frey withdrawal thresholds, and clinical arthritis score were assessed longitudinally as area under the curve (AUC) values. Terminal joint tissues were profiled for cytokines, prostaglandin pathway mediators, and immune cell markers. Results: Both combinations reduced edema and improved mechanical thresholds. The full-dose combination exceeded either monotherapy regarding mechanical sensitivity and the arthritis index, consistent with additive activity. The low-dose combination matched full-dose monotherapies, consistent with a dose-reduction effect. Biomarker shifts indicated attenuated prostaglandin signaling and a pro-resolving cytokine balance. Conclusions: These findings support the further evaluation of etoricoxib\u2013betamethasone co-therapy for acute inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1786009598000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Etoricoxib\u2013Betamethasone Combination Attenuates Inflammatory Nociception and Edema in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis via Cytokine and Macrophage Axis Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez-Urizar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78210, Mexico"},{"name":"FS Scientia Pharma S.A. de C.V., Fray Diego de la Magdalena 630, Colonia Jard\u00edn, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78270, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Torres-Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FS Scientia Pharma S.A. de C.V., Fray Diego de la Magdalena 630, Colonia Jard\u00edn, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78270, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velia Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Rangel-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Regional de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Castillo-Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Regional de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Lee-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Regional de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7012-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin F.","family":"Rios-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6782-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dar\u00edo A.","family":"Morales-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Canudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04731-0","article-title":"The global prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis based on a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Almutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. 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