{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:58:03Z","timestamp":1789156683444,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"KingSaud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2026-1679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-1679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-1679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-1679"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Sphagneticola trilobata is a phytochemically rich medicinal plant, yet its antioxidant-active fractions and redox-related mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. This study combined metabolite profiling, antioxidant screening, network pharmacology, pharmacokineticprediction, and molecular docking to characterize active flower and leaf fractions and prioritize antioxidant-related targets. Methods: Petroleum ether, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate fractions of S. trilobata flowers and leaves were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS\/MS). The predominant metabolite was isolated and spectroscopically characterized. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2\u2032-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Metabolites from the most active fractions were investigated by target prediction, protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) analysis, enrichment analysis, SwissADME, and docking. Results: UPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS\/MS tentatively identified 59, 18, and 16 metabolites in the petroleum ether, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively, including diterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, and coumarin-related metabolites. Butein was isolated as the predominant metabolite from the ethyl acetate flower fraction, which showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 5.85 \u00b1 0.14 \u00b5g\/mL in ABTS and 9.11 \u00b1 0.75 \u00b5g\/mL in FRAP, followed by the ethyl acetate leaf fraction. Network analysis identified 61 and 82 antioxidant-relevant targets for the flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions, respectively, with enrichment in inflammation-, apoptosis-, transcription-, hypoxia-, lipid stress-, and kinase-related pathways. Docking suggested fraction-specific compatibility with EGFR\/PTGS2\/STAT3 for flower metabolites and AKT1\/PTGS2 for leaf metabolites. Conclusions: S. trilobata ethyl acetate fractions, particularly the flower fraction, represent promising antioxidant sources with experimentally supported activity and computationally prioritized redox-related hypotheses requiring further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemical Profiling and Redox-Target Mapping of Antioxidant Fractions from Sphagneticola trilobata: An Integrated UPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS\/MS, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Esraa A.","family":"Taema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa H. B.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Fikry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May Ahmed","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaza M.","family":"Al-Massarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael M.","family":"Abdelmageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar A.","family":"Basudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf E.","family":"Abdel Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-019-02643-5","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of the Flowers of Wedelia trilobata","volume":"55","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117265","article-title":"Diterpenoid WT-29 isolated from Wedelia exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities","volume":"319","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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