{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:32:18Z","timestamp":1787585538940,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study characterized blue geopropolis from Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata (southern Brazil) by comparing its chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and coloration mechanisms directly against green and red Apis mellifera propolis under identical experimental conditions. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of blue geopropolis, green, and red propolis were prepared, followed by hexane and chloroform fractionation. Chemical composition was analyzed by LC-qTOF-MS. Cytotoxicity was assessed in L929 fibroblasts, and antimicrobial activity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against bacterial and fungal strains. The blue coloration was investigated using NaOH and FeCl3 treatments to evaluate the possible involvement of phenolic\u2013iron complexes. Results: Fifty-nine compounds were identified across the three samples, revealing several shared phenolic constituents as well as distinctive chemical features. None of the extracts showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC &gt; 1000 \u00b5g\/mL). In contrast, activity was observed against Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 20.8 to 1000 \u00b5g\/mL. Among the samples tested, blue geopropolis showed the strongest activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Blue geopropolis exhibited no significant activity against Candida albicans or Candida parapsilosis (MFC &gt; 1000 \u00b5g\/mL) but showed variable activity against Sporothrix spp. The colorimetric assay indicated that phenolic\u2013iron complexation may contribute to the blue color. Conclusions: Despite its distinct entomological origin, blue geopropolis shared chemical traits with green and red propolis while demonstrating superior Gram-positive antibacterial activity, a higher selectivity index, and potential antifungal applications against Sporothrix spp., highlighting its promise for biotechnological and pharmacological use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:47:36Z","timestamp":1786366056000},"page":"1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LC-QTOF-MS Chemical Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Blue Geopropolis: An Emerging Type of Brazilian Propolis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4392-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia do Paran\u00e1 (TECPAR), Curitiba 81350-010, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9688-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francinete","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Surek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Semi\u00e1rido, Rodovia BR 428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Petrolina 56334-899, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Pontarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"408","article-title":"The Role of Natural Products as Sources of Therapeutic Agents for Innovative Drug Discovery","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Dzobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comprehensive Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0060","article-title":"Delivering Natural Products and Biotherapeutics to Improve Drug Efficacy","volume":"8","author":"Obeid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. 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