{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:05Z","timestamp":1787029265867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Motor and intellectual disabilities (MIDs) belong to a restricted and vulnerable social group with health restrictions for maintaining and preserving adequate oral health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have appeared as an encouraging therapy due to their excellent antimicrobial effects; however, scientific information on the antimicrobial effectiveness of AgNPs against bacteria in patients with MIDs remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial substantivity of AgNPs in oral bacteria from patients with and without MIDs. Methods: Fifty-four oral biofilm samples were obtained from 26 participants with MIDs and 28 participants without MIDs. The microbial inhibition activity and the antimicrobial substantivity of AgNPs were determined. The antibiofilm activity of the AgNPs was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The AgNPs displayed uniform size distributions (9.8 \u00b1 1.7 nm) and electrical charges in surface particles that limit particle clustering (\u221239.8 \u00b1 3.3 mV). The AgNPs were more effective than chlorhexidine (CHX) in eliminating bacteria from oral biofilms derived from both MID and non-MID patients (p &lt; 0.05); therefore, the antimicrobial substantivity of the AgNPs was statistically better than deionized water but lower than CHX at specific exposure times (p &lt; 0.05). The antimicrobial effectiveness of AgNPs at even low concentrations was associated with the type of oral biofilm, the type of antimicrobial solution, and, in some cases, gender. SEM images indicate a clear alteration in oral biofilm structure when AgNPs were applied. Conclusions: AgNPs exhibited significant potential to limit oral bacterial proliferation from microbial biofilms while contributing to the maintenance of oral condition in individuals with MIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiofilm Substantivity of AgNPs in Clinical Oral Biofilms from Patients with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities: An In Vitro and Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Holgu\u00edn-Meraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Elizabeth","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Advanced Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potos\u00ed, Manuel Nava Avenue, University Campus, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, San Luis Potos\u00ed, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erasto Armando","family":"Zaragoza-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S. C., Miguel de Cervantes No.120, Chihuahua 31136, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8979-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n Abraham","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dental Research, Center for Advanced Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Chichimequillas and Universidad Avenues, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla Lizette","family":"Tovar-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Donohue-Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sim\u00f3n Yobanny","family":"Reyes-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5913-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika de Lourdes","family":"Silva-Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Josefa Ortiz de Dom\u00ednguez Street, Universitary Campus, Universitaria, Culiac\u00e1n 80010, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0652-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9295-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le\u00f3n Francisco","family":"Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, June 09). United Nations Background | International Day of Persons with Disabilities | United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/day-of-persons-with-disabilities\/background."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, June 09). World Health Organization Disability. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/disability-and-health."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2026, June 09). Pan American Health Organization Disability\u2014PAHO\/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/disability."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"INEGI (2021). Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2020 Resultados Complementarios, INEGI."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e337","article-title":"Oral health in children with physical (Cerebral Palsy) and intellectual (Down Syndrome) disabilities: Systematic review I","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101536","article-title":"Supporting the oral health of people with intellectual disability: A survey of disability staffs\u2019 knowledge, perceptions, disability service barriers, and training","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082016ao3712","article-title":"Oral health evaluation in special needs individuals","volume":"14","author":"Pini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2017.1409596","article-title":"Oral health status and reported oral health problems in people with intellectual disability: A literature review","volume":"44","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.84377","article-title":"Biofilms: A microbial home","volume":"15","author":"Banthia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515609554","article-title":"The Microbiome in Populations with a Low and High Prevalence of Caries","volume":"95","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x","article-title":"Dental plaque: Biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style","volume":"32","author":"Marsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.07.012","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and associated infections","volume":"81","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0218chiopu, P., Toc, D.A., Colosi, I.A., Costache, C., Ruospo, G., Berar, G., G\u0103lb\u0103u, \u0218.-G., Ghilea, A.C., Botan, A., and Pan\u0103, A.-G. (2023). An Overview of the Factors Involved in Biofilm Production by the Enterococcus Genus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411577"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515573272","article-title":"Global burden of untreated caries: A systematic review and metaregression","volume":"94","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865690","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1865690","article-title":"Oral microbiome in down syndrome and its implications on oral health","volume":"13","author":"Willis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130142","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in human chronic periodontitis microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Rams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.37.3.d70710016518p58n","article-title":"Characterization of periodontal biofilm in down syndrome patients: A comparative study","volume":"37","author":"Haubek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contaldo, M., Lucchese, A., Romano, A., Della Vella, F., Di Stasio, D., Serpico, R., and Petruzzi, M. (2021). Oral Microbiota Features in Subjects with Down Syndrome and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179251"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morishima, S., Takeda, K., Greenan, S., and Maki, Y. (2022). Salivary microbiome in children with Down syndrome: A case-control study. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02480-z"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2014-018","article-title":"The oral microbiome in dental caries","volume":"63","author":"Struzycka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12296","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in periodontal disease","volume":"83","author":"Curtis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holgu\u00edn-Mer\u00e1z, C., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, R.E., Zaragoza-Contreras, E.A., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, R.A., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S.Y., Donohue-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Silva-Ben\u00edtez, E.d.L., Molina-Frechero, N., and Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal, L.F. (2024). Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Biofilms in Subjects with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15070191"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"CD002781","article-title":"Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"2004","author":"Marinho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.07.007","article-title":"White spot lesions: Prevention and treatment","volume":"138","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00327.x","article-title":"A 6-month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste: (I). Effects on plaque, gingivitis, calculus and toothstaining","volume":"20","author":"Yates","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.21149\/15734","article-title":"Fluoride content in table salt from the Element Project in Mexico City","volume":"67","author":"Cantoral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242014.50000001","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendation on toothpaste use","volume":"28","author":"Cury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"CD002279","article-title":"Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"2014","author":"Marinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293019","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/293019","article-title":"Water fluoridation: A critical review of the physiological effects of ingested fluoride as a public health intervention","volume":"2014","author":"Peckham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"CD002782","article-title":"Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"2003","author":"Marinho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103497","article-title":"Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: A narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Brookes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80815-0","article-title":"A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants","volume":"20","author":"Jeansonne","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2014.11.005","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial substantivity of different concentrations of chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant: An in vitro study","volume":"4","author":"Mahendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005","article-title":"Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects","volume":"72","author":"Deus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2018.04.004","article-title":"Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Pseudomonas sp. THG-LS1.4 and their antimicrobial application","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailova, E.O. (2020). Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11040084"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246764","article-title":"The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Robles, \u00c1., Loyola-Rodr\u00edguez, J., Zavala-Alonso, N., Martinez-Martinez, R., Ruiz, F., Lara-Castro, R., Donohu\u00e9-Cornejo, A., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S., and Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal, L. (2016). Antimicrobial Properties of Biofunctionalized Silver Nanoparticles on Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus mutans and Its Serotypes. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6070136"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"5587455","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles against Clinical Biofilms from Patients with and without Dental Caries","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Venegas, P.A., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, R.E., Zaragoza-Contreras, E.A., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, R.A., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S.Y., Donohue-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Molina-Frechero, N., and Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal, L.F. (2023). Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Oral Biofilms Related to Patients with and without Periodontal Disease. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060311"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1enz, M.G., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, R.E., Zaragoza-Contreras, E.A., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, R.A., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S.Y., Donohue-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Tovar-Carrillo, K.L., de Lourdes Silva-Ben\u00edtez, E., and Ayala-Herrera, J.L. (2025). Antibacterial and Anti-Adherence Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Against Endodontic Biofilms: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070831"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nizami, M.Z.I., Xu, V.W., Yin, I.X., Yu, O.Y., and Chu, C.-H. (2021). Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Caries Prevention: A Review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123446"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffar, N., Javad, S., Farrukh, M.A., Shah, A.A., Gatasheh, M.K., Al-Munqedhi, B.M.A., and Chaudhry, O. (2022). Metal nanoparticles assisted revival of Streptomycin against MDRS Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264588"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S153167","article-title":"Nanosilver: New ageless and versatile biomedical therapeutic scaffold","volume":"13","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-008-9428-6","article-title":"Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with different sizes","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egodawaththa, N.M., Knight, A.L., Ma, J., Knight, D.A., Guisbert, E., and Nesnas, N. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Ligand-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles and Comparative Antibacterial Activity against E. coli. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315251"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.04.005","article-title":"The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold","volume":"4","author":"Ruiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.17163\/lgr.n35.2022.04","article-title":"Elaboraci\u00f3n de nanopart\u00edculas de plata sintetizadas a partir de extracto de hojas de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) y su uso como conservante","volume":"35","author":"Pardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"La Granja"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts","volume":"31","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, M.A., Batterjee, M.G., Kamli, M.R., Alzahrani, K.A., Danish, E.Y., and Nabi, A. (2022). Polyphenol-Capped Biogenic Synthesis of Noble Metallic Silver Nanoparticles for Antifungal Activity against Candida auris. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060639"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.11.037","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of uniform-sized chitosan\/silver microspheres with antibacterial activities","volume":"36","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2016.11.037","article-title":"Physiochemical charge stabilization of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial applications","volume":"669","author":"Vanitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109883","article-title":"Surface potential and charges impact on cell responses on biomaterials interfaces for medical applications","volume":"104","author":"Metwally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafarrate-Valdez, R., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, R., Zaragoza-Contreras, E., \u00c1yala-Herrera, J., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, R., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S., Donohue-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Loyola-Rodr\u00edguez, J., and Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal, L. (2022). Anti-Adherence and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles against Serotypes C and K of Streptococcus mutans on Orthodontic Appliances. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070877"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1307208","article-title":"An overview application of silver nanoparticles in inhibition of herpes simplex virus","volume":"46","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00406-x","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains","volume":"52","author":"Bueno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandi, S., Mehta, D., Mashyakhy, M., Chohan, H., Testarelli, L., Thomas, J., Dhillon, H., Raj, A.T., Madapusi Balaji, T., and Varadarajan, S. (2021). Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles as Root Canal Irrigant\u2019s: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061152"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ershov, V.A., and Ershov, B.G. (2024). Effect of Silver Nanoparticle Size on Antibacterial Activity. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12110801"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, M.S., Rodrigues, D.M., Sokolonski, A.R., Stanisic, D., Tom\u00e9, L.M., G\u00f3es-Neto, A., Azevedo, V., Meyer, R., Ara\u00fajo, D.B., and Tasic, L. (2022). Activity of Fusarium oxysporum-Based Silver Nanoparticles on Candida spp. Oral Isolates. Nanomater, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030501"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Tanoira, R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Arias, M., Potel, C., Carballo-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., P\u00e9rez-Castro, S., Boutinguiza, M., G\u00f3rgolas, M., Lusqui\u00f1os, F., and Pou, J. (2022). Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Laser Ablation and Re-Irradiation Are Effective Preventing Peri-Implantitis Multispecies Biofilm Formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231912027"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eker, F., Duman, H., Akda\u015f\u00e7i, E., Witkowska, A.M., Bechelany, M., and Karav, S. (2024). Silver Nanoparticles in Therapeutics and Beyond: A Review of Mechanism Insights and Applications. Nanomater, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14201618"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9782-z","article-title":"A novel mechanism for the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S165125","article-title":"Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies","volume":"13","author":"Qing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872940","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/872940","article-title":"Green and rapid synthesis of anticancerous silver nanoparticles by Saccharomyces boulardii and insight into mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis","volume":"2013","author":"Kaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23659-y","article-title":"Multi-target mode of action of silver against Staphylococcus aureus endows it with capability to combat antibiotic resistance","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0164-y","article-title":"A combination of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light enhances the antibacterial efficacy of ineffective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"15","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1749","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of combined therapy of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Yang, Z., Khan, S.A., Walsh, L.J., Seneviratne, C.J., and Ziora, Z.M. (2024). Characteristics of Metallic Nanoparticles (Especially Silver Nanoparticles) as Anti-Biofilm Agents. Antibiotic, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090819"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84768-8","article-title":"Synthesis and design of Ag-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles as antimicrobial synergistic combination therapies against clinically relevant pathogens","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202300013","article-title":"Effectiveness of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles against bacterial biofilms: Perspectives and limitations","volume":"63","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11418-4","article-title":"Bacterial metal nanoparticles to develop new weapons against bacterial biofilms and infections","volume":"105","author":"Gallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-015-0534-8","article-title":"Plausible drug targets in the streptococcus mutans quorum sensing pathways to combat dental biofilms and associated risks","volume":"55","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01052.x","article-title":"Immunological Differences in Women Compared with Men: Overview and Contributing Factors","volume":"66","author":"Ghazeeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70.47","article-title":"Effect of estrogens on the interferon-gamma producing cell population of mouse splenocytes","volume":"70","author":"Nakaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of menopause on women\u2032s periodontium","volume":"3","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Midlife. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.3.408","article-title":"The Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Periodontal Health","volume":"75","author":"Machtei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24001","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Therapeutical uses, toxicity, and safety issues","volume":"103","author":"Seckler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0124-x","article-title":"Tissue distribution and acute toxicity of silver after single intravenous administration in mice: Nano-specific and size-dependent effects","volume":"13","author":"Recordati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Matteis, V., Cascione, M., Toma, C., and Leporatti, S. (2018). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthetic Routes, In Vitro Toxicity and Theranostic Applications for Cancer Disease. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8050319"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, Z., and Nemmar, A. (2020). Health impact of silver nanoparticles: A review of the biodistribution and toxicity following various routes of exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072375"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.06.010","article-title":"In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Munger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1702-6","article-title":"Toxicity, distribution, and accumulation of silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2020.1735852","article-title":"Hazard characterization of silver nanoparticles for human exposure routes","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A. Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114636","article-title":"Synthesis, applications, toxicity and toxicity mechanisms of silver nanoparticles: A review","volume":"253","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3205971","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Substantivity Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Microbiomes Clinically Isolated from Young and Young-Adult Patients","volume":"2019","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:12:45Z","timestamp":1786961565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/8\/1299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19081299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19081299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}