{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:00:36Z","timestamp":1792602036405,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["RS-2024-00401315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00401315"]}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00401315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00401315"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0417sdw47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00553663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00553663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00553663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00553663"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biosynthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu\/CuO-NPs) has attracted considerable interest due to its non-toxic, eco-friendly nature and wide-ranging applications, especially in nanomedicine and biomedical fields. Traditional nanoparticle production methods often involve toxic chemicals and generate harmful byproducts. In contrast, biological synthesis provides a cleaner, safer, more cost-effective, and sustainable alternative. Various biological sources, including plants, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, have been employed for the efficient and non-toxic production of Cu\/CuO-NPs. These organisms contain diverse biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and alkaloids that function as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. The biologically synthesized Cu\/CuO-NPs are characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, XPS, FTIR, DLS, zeta potential analyzer, etc. Cu\/CuO-NPs hold promise for applications in nanomedicine, primarily because of their strong antimicrobial and anticancer activities and potential use as disinfectants against infectious diseases. Various reports have suggested that the biologically synthesized Cu\/CuO-NPs have exhibited significant antimicrobial and anticancer efficacies against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses and various cancer cells. Due to their nanoscale dimensions and extensive surface area, Cu\/CuO nanoparticles can readily infiltrate cell walls, disrupt membrane integrity, generate reactive oxygen species, and hinder both DNA replication and protein production, leading to cell death. The present review comprehensively describes the biological synthesis of Cu\/CuO-NPs, their characterization techniques, and potential antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer applications. The modes of action for antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties have also been explored critically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19081306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:09:32Z","timestamp":1787054972000},"page":"1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Copper\/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Biomedical Applications: Advances and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Amdadul","family":"Huq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ashikur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si 17546, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Shrimp Research Station, Bagerhat 9300, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5708-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rasel","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia 7000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Whi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2024.100129","article-title":"Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio-imaging, and diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Kurul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8","article-title":"Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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