{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:22:00Z","timestamp":1787559720298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019345","name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSRG-2026-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2026-064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KSRG-2026-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2026-064"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ht2b307","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases represent a major cause of disability and death, but early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring are challenging due to biological heterogeneity and the absence of disease-specific biomarkers. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a highly sensitive fluid biomarker of neuroaxonal injury with well-established clinical utility in selected neurological disorders, especially in disease monitoring and prognostic evaluation. However, since NfL is not disease-specific, the interpretation has to be integrated with complementary molecular, imaging, and clinical biomarkers. Recent advances in genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiome profiling, and neuroimaging provide complementary information about the molecular and biological processes underlying neurodegeneration. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine-learning approaches also allow the integration of these heterogeneous datasets for multimodal biomarker modeling. This review examines the biological and clinical relevance of NfL across major neurodegenerative diseases and critically discusses its combination with multi-omics, neuroimaging, and AI-based approaches. Special emphasis is placed on disease monitoring, prognosis, patient stratification, and therapeutic-response modeling, distinguishing established clinical applications from emerging research directions. The present review also addresses ongoing methodological challenges, including assay standardization, data harmonization, model interpretability, multicenter validation, and clinical translation. Finally, future potential is discussed for NfL-based multimodal biomarker frameworks in precision neurology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787558621000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Biological and Clinical Significance, Multi-Omics Integration, and AI-Driven Biomarker Modeling for Precision Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nawaf","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyaz","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders: Translating evidence into policy","volume":"19","author":"Feigin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.242","article-title":"100 years of Lewy pathology","volume":"9","author":"Goedert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0113-1","article-title":"Beyond the neuron\u2013cellular interactions early in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Henstridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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