{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:32:57Z","timestamp":1787567577966,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004880","name":"Xinjiang Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 0103010211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 0103010211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["No. 0103010211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 0103010211"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p455v08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 82460617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82460617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["No. 82460617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82460617"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a chronic acquired depigmenting disorder characterized by progressive melanocyte loss. Its pathogenesis involves a multifactorial interplay among oxidative stress, impaired melanocyte regeneration, immune-mediated cytotoxicity, and neuroendocrine dysregulation. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-derived active ingredients have attracted increasing research interest as potential interventions for vitiligo, although most isolated compounds remain at the preclinical stage. This review summarizes pharmacological and natural compounds applied in vitiligo treatment and highlights their regulatory mechanisms on core pathogenic modules. A comprehensive analysis of natural and semisynthetic active ingredients is provided, covering their preclinical and clinical evidence, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic relevance. Multiple ingredients, including baicalein, quercetin, curcumin, paeoniflorin, kaempferol, glycyrrhizin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects that are involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Some TCM-derived interventions, such as Ginkgo biloba L. extract and compound glycyrrhizin, have been evaluated clinically, whereas most isolated active compounds, including baicalein and quercetin, remain at the preclinical stage. Overall, TCM-derived active ingredients represent a promising therapeutic strategy for vitiligo. However, continued translational and clinical research is still required to optimize formulations, dosing regimens, and safety profiles, thereby facilitating their integration into routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacological Mechanisms of Active Constituents from Traditional Chinese Medicine for Vitiligo Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adina","family":"Hamiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8051-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08868-z","article-title":"Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8498472","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8498472","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo: A Culprit for Melanocyte Death","volume":"2022","author":"Xuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.48427","article-title":"Determination of oxidative stress in vitiligo by measuring superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in vitiliginous and non-vitiliginous skin","volume":"75","author":"Sravani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03998.x","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation at the tissue level in patients with stable and active vitiligo","volume":"48","author":"Dammak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090603","article-title":"Vitiligo, reactive oxygen species and T-cells","volume":"120","author":"Glassman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-022-00144-2","article-title":"Melanocytotoxic chemicals and their toxic mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.L., Lee, W.R., Kuo, Y.C., and Huang, Y.H. (2021). Vitiligo: An Autoimmune Skin Disease and its Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Intervention. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.797026"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Liu, F., and Gao, L. (2021). Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Vitiligo: A Review. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790125"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13895","article-title":"HMGB1 deficiency reduces H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human melanocytes via the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"22","author":"Mou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S381432","article-title":"Role of HMGB1 in Vitiligo: Current Perceptions and Future Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14814","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of turmeric topical cream in vitiligo: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Jalalmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02754-8","article-title":"Evaluation of curcumin for dermatologic conditions: A systematic review","volume":"316","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13612","article-title":"Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"62","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15211","article-title":"Repigmentation in two patients with vitiligo on AcEGCG 0.5% cream","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.421","article-title":"Baicalein protects human vitiligo melanocytes from oxidative stress through activation of NF-E2-related factor2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway","volume":"129","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.121037","article-title":"Yubai Wan ameliorates vitiligo by inhibiting ferroptosis via NRF2\/GPX4 pathway","volume":"358","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04293-2","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of demethylzeylasteral on JAK-STAT signaling ameliorates vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx072","article-title":"Isochlorogenic acid A promotes melanin synthesis in B16 cell through the \u03b2-catenin signal pathway","volume":"49","author":"Mamat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20596","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021","volume":"186","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19451","article-title":"Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: Position statement from the International Vitiligo Task Force Part 1: Towards a new management algorithm","volume":"37","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19450","article-title":"Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: Position statement from the international Vitiligo Task Force-Part 2: Specific treatment recommendations","volume":"37","author":"Seneschal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-025-01402-5","article-title":"Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Vitiligo","volume":"15","author":"Prajapati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100919-023531","article-title":"Vitiligo: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Frisoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12369","article-title":"T helper 17 and Tregs: A novel proposed mechanism for NB-UVB in vitiligo","volume":"23","author":"Hegazy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.09.040","article-title":"Repigmentation of Human Vitiligo Skin by NBUVB Is Controlled by Transcription of GLI1 and Activation of the \u03b2-Catenin Pathway in the Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cells","volume":"138","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223ra223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","article-title":"CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo","volume":"6","author":"Rashighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47997","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000047997","article-title":"Investigating T-cell subpopulation-associated cytokine imbalance in vitiligo pathogenesis and the role of traditional Chinese medicine: A review","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2163406","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in protecting against vitiligo mice through modulation of the STAT3-Hsp70-CXCL9\/CXCL10 pathway","volume":"61","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120027","article-title":"Rubia cordifolia L. extract ameliorates vitiligo by inhibiting the CXCL10\/CXCL9\/STAT1 signaling pathway","volume":"350","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Miao, F., Xin, R., Tai, Z., Pan, H., Huang, H., Yu, J., Chen, Z., and Zhu, Q. (2023). Combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and experimental verification to examine the efficacy and immunoregulation mechanism of FHB granules on vitiligo. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194823"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111174","article-title":"Harmine and Kaempferol treatment enhances NFATC1 and FOXP3 mediated regulatory T-cells\u2019 suppressive capacity in generalized vitiligo","volume":"125","author":"Giri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21793","article-title":"Paeonol protects melanocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-020-01071-7","article-title":"Apigenin protects human melanocytes against oxidative damage by activation of the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Lu, Y., Wang, H., Feng, Y., Jiang, S., Gao, X.H., Qi, R., Wu, Y., and Chen, H.D. (2020). Paeoniflorin Resists H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Melanocytes by JNK\/Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00536"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Meng, D., Zhang, H., Xu, W., An, X., Yin, C., Zou, K., and Gao, R. (2025). Apigenin promotes melanogenesis and melanosome transport through the c-KIT\/Raf-1\/MAPK\/CREB pathway in HEMCs. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1572878"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.02.009","article-title":"Oral Chinese herbal medicine in combination with phototherapy for vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0292","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Shakhbazova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112173","article-title":"The role and mechanism of Asian medicinal plants in treating skin pigmentary disorders","volume":"245","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.011460","article-title":"Peracetylation as a means of enhancing in vitro bioactivity and bioavailability of epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"34","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12949","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12949","article-title":"Effectiveness of topical Nigella sativa for vitiligo treatment","volume":"32","author":"Sarac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01207.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo","volume":"28","author":"Parsad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczurko, O., Shear, N., Taddio, A., and Boon, H. (2011). Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: An open label pilot clinical trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-21"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35533","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035533","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"102","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13226","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13226","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Compound Glycyrrhizin Followed by Phototherapy for the Treatment of Progressive Vitiligo in Children","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13769","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13769","article-title":"Combination of total glucosides of paeony, narrow-band ultraviolet B, and oral corticosteroid mini-pulse therapy for nonsegmental vitiligo: A retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Gui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2017.1303570","article-title":"A combination of Yiqiqubai granule and 308-nm excimer laser in treatment of segmental vitiligo: A prospective study of 233 patients","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaikh, A.A., and Bharti, R.K. (2023). Spontaneous Reversal of Vitiligo, a Rare Phenomenon Reported in a Case in Saudi Arabia with an Insight into Metabolic Biochemical Derangements. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030427"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02917-4","article-title":"Apigenin protects melanocytes and improve tyrosinase activity in a hydroquinone induced vitiligo mouse model targeting P38 MAP kinase signaling: Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis","volume":"397","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115884","article-title":"Effects of traditional artiri La Li formulation on experimental models of vitiligo and mechanisms of melanogenesis","volume":"302","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-023-00672-z","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Potential Antioxidant Therapies in Vitiligo: A Narrative Review","volume":"27","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.L., and Ko, C.H. (2023). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo: An Update on Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060936"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102389","article-title":"Signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE antioxidant response pathway","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.152","article-title":"Impaired activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway undermines H2O2-induced oxidative stress response: A possible mechanism for melanocyte degeneration in vitiligo","volume":"134","author":"Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Wang, H., Li, K., Lei, Z., Xiang, F., Li, J., and Kang, X. (2024). Identification of active compounds in Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd by targeted metabolome MRM and kaempferol promotes HaCaT cell proliferation and reduces oxidative stress. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1343306"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03154-2","article-title":"Paeoniflorin regulates RhoA\/ROCK1 and Nrf2 pathways in PDLIM1-dependent or independent manners in oxidative stressed melanocytes","volume":"316","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14393","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract protects human melanocytes from H(2) O(2) -induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.04.001","article-title":"EGb-761 prevents ultraviolet B-induced photoaging via inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and proinflammatory cytokine expression","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1855-1839","article-title":"The Use of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Vitiligo: An Updated Review","volume":"89","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.30398","article-title":"SIRT3-Dependent Mitochondrial Dynamics Remodeling Contributes to Oxidative Stress-Induced Melanocyte Degeneration in Vitiligo","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21754","article-title":"Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42394","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42394","article-title":"Dysregulated autophagy increased melanocyte sensitivity to H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in vitiligo","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24843","article-title":"Caffeic acid derivative WSY6 protects melanocytes from oxidative stress by reducing ROS production and MAPK activation","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12855","article-title":"Potent effects of peracetylated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in human epidermal melanocytes via attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"41","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.015","article-title":"Baicalein protects human melanocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis via inhibiting mitochondria-dependent caspase activation and the p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101766","article-title":"Vitiligo: An immune disease and its emerging mesenchymal stem cell therapy paradigm","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1543-z","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells promote human melanocytes proliferation and resistance to apoptosis through PTEN pathway in vitiligo","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"247","article-title":"Botanicals in dermatology: An evidence-based review","volume":"11","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09592-5","article-title":"Capsaicin combined with stem cells improved mitochondrial dysfunction in PIG3V cells, an immortalized human vitiligo melanocyte cell line, by inhibiting the HSP70\/TLR4\/mTOR\/FAK signaling axis","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14301","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14301","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharide promotes proliferation of human melanocytes via activating the Nrf2\/p62 signaling pathway by inducing autophagy in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13032","article-title":"Altered expression of ferroptosis markers and iron metabolism reveals a potential role of ferroptosis in vitiligo","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.05.010","article-title":"Baicalein inhibits RLS3-induced ferroptosis in melanocytes","volume":"561","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150871","article-title":"Network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental study on the mechanism of Curcumin\u2019s anti-ferroptosis in melanocytes","volume":"736","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91905-0","article-title":"An investigation into the mechanism for Kaempferol improving melanocyte death based on network Pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13482","article-title":"Investigating the molecular mechanism of purslane-based vitiligo treatment using network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro analyses","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197533","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7197533","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of a Chinese Herbal Compound Containing Quercetin, Luteolin, and Kaempferol in the Treatment of Vitiligo Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978208","article-title":"Cytoprotective effect of green tea extract and quercetin against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress","volume":"28","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12664","article-title":"Bilobalide protection of normal human melanocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage via promotion of antioxidase expression and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Ma, W., Fan, D., Hu, J., An, X., and Wang, Z. (2024). The biochemistry of melanogenesis: An insight into the function and mechanism of melanogenesis-related proteins. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1440187"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101349","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of melanogenesis","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touni, A.A., Shivde, R.S., Echuri, H., Abdel-Aziz, R.T.A., Abdel-Wahab, H., Kundu, R.V., and Le Poole, I.C. (2023). Melanocyte-keratinocyte cross-talk in vitiligo. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1176781"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13263","article-title":"Psoralen Derivatives with Enhanced Potency","volume":"96","author":"Buhimschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.007","article-title":"Development and in vitro assessment of psoralen and resveratrol co-loaded ultradeformable liposomes for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"174","author":"Doppalapudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117755","article-title":"Multi-technology integrated network pharmacology-based study on phytochemicals, active metabolites, and molecular mechanism of Psoraleae Fructus to promote melanogenesis","volume":"325","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120528","article-title":"Investigating the effects and mechanisms of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd., seed extracts on melanogenesis and vitiligo treatment based on multi-omics and network pharmacology","volume":"355","author":"Zang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117617","article-title":"Integrative pharmacology reveals the mechanisms of Erzhi pills, A traditional Chinese formulation, stimulating melanogenesis","volume":"324","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157963","article-title":"Clematis Tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh. extracts promote melanogenesis via PKA\/CREB activation and multi-cytokine inhibition: A novel dual targeting strategy for vitiligo therapy","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wusiman, Z., Zhang, A.M., Zhang, S.S., Zhao, P.P., Kang, Y.T., Zhang, Y., Li, Z.J., and Huo, S.X. (2025). Galangin ameliorates PTU-induced vitiligo in zebrafish and B16F10 cells by increasing melanogenesis through activation of the p38\/JNK MAPK pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1521097"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2025.42.69","article-title":"Isoquercitrin induces melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish via the p38 and PKA\/CREB signaling pathways: An experimental study","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Yeungnam Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.08.009","article-title":"Kaempferol, the melanogenic component of Sanguisorba officinalis, enhances dendricity and melanosome maturation\/transport in melanocytes","volume":"147","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.09.006","article-title":"Epimedin B exhibits pigmentation by increasing tyrosinase family proteins expression, activity, and stability","volume":"14","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.104416","article-title":"The melanogenic effects and underlying mechanism of paeoniflorin in human melanocytes and vitiligo mice","volume":"140","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12878","article-title":"The enigma and challenges of vitiligo pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900027","article-title":"The Role of Memory CD8(+) T Cells in Vitiligo","volume":"203","author":"Riding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","article-title":"Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients","volume":"129","author":"Konijnenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","article-title":"A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.016","article-title":"Keratinocyte-Derived Chemokines Orchestrate T-Cell Positioning in the Epidermis during Vitiligo and May Serve as Biomarkers of Disease","volume":"137","author":"Richmond","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2250281","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250281","article-title":"The IFN-\u03b3-CXCL9\/CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in vitiligo: Pathological mechanism and treatment","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-026-02050-5","article-title":"Sappanone A exerted promising therapeutic effects in vitiligo through Wnt5a-mediated noncanonical Wnt signaling","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70103","article-title":"Galangin alleviates vitiligo by targeting ANXA2 degradation in macrophages","volume":"182","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14157","article-title":"Decreased suppression of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by peripheral regulatory T cells in generalized vitiligo due to reduced NFATC1 and FOXP3 proteins","volume":"29","author":"Giri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2436","article-title":"Regulatory T cells from active non-segmental vitiligo exhibit lower suppressive ability on CD8+CLA+ T cells","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6952299","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6952299","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Alterations in Regulatory T Cells\u2019 Frequency and Suppressive Capacity in Patients with Vitiligo","volume":"2022","author":"Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14196","article-title":"Quality of life, emotion dysregulation, attention deficit and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with vitiligo","volume":"46","author":"Ucuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15290","article-title":"Increased risk of psychiatric disorders in adult patients with vitiligo: A nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03362-w","article-title":"The brain-skin axis in vitiligo","volume":"316","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.03.007","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin binds to high-mobility group box 1 protein and inhibits its cytokine activities","volume":"14","author":"Mollica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"253","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin protects human melanocytes from H2O2-induced oxidative damage via the Nrf2-dependent induction of HO-1","volume":"44","author":"Mou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000534568","article-title":"Blockade of HMGB1 Reduces Inflammation and Pruritus in Atopic Dermatitis by Inhibiting Skin Fibroblasts Activation","volume":"185","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01754-x","article-title":"Unfolding the Role of BDNF as a Biomarker for Treatment of Depression","volume":"71","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Nie, Z., Shu, H., Kuang, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, J., Yu, S., and Liu, H. (2020). The Role of BDNF on Neural Plasticity in Depression. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00082"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4950-4","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression","volume":"235","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.253","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of a plant-derived flavonoid baicalein involving extracellular signal-regulated kinases cascade","volume":"34","author":"Xiong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147661","article-title":"Quercetin reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behavior in vivo by involving nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2","volume":"1772","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01633","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1633","article-title":"Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312464103","article-title":"Effect of epigallocatechin gallate supplementation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: An 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"3","author":"Loftis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, H., Rauf, K., Zada, W., McCarthy, M., Abbas, G., Anwar, F., and Shah, A.J. (2020). Kaempferol Facilitated Extinction Learning in Contextual Fear Conditioned Rats via Inhibition of Fatty-Acid Amide Hydrolase. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204683"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.58.5.0004","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea polyphenol, in mice","volume":"58","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.605","article-title":"Quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans","volume":"29","author":"Moon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-100104400","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"33","author":"Ploeger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2018.07.001","article-title":"Bioavailable curcumin formulations: A review of pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Jamwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshino, T., and Makino, T. (2026). Clinical risk factors of licorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism: A 2026-updated narrative review. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1840515"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.04.004","article-title":"The risk of squamous cell and basal cell cancer associated with psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy: A 30-year prospective study","volume":"66","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15010","article-title":"Risk of skin cancer after ultraviolet phototherapy in patients with vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.31.5.490","article-title":"Is there a risk of bleeding associated with standardized Ginkgo biloba extract therapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Kellermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ru, Y., Luo, Y., Zhou, Y., Kuai, L., Sun, X., Xing, M., Liu, L., Lu, Y., Hong, S., and Chen, X. (2019). Adverse Events Associated With Treatment of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F: A Quantitative Evidence Synthesis. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01250"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108728","article-title":"A comprehensive review on pharmacokinetic mechanism of herb-herb\/drug interactions in Chinese herbal formula","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03664","article-title":"Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma","volume":"436","author":"Garraway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.11.6.701","article-title":"The PI 3-kinase\/Akt signaling pathway delivers an anti-apoptotic signal","volume":"11","author":"Kennedy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.035","article-title":"Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in The Cancer Genome Atlas","volume":"173","author":"Mina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:26:28Z","timestamp":1787563588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19091333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19091333","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}