{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:52Z","timestamp":1788412612229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018987","name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PN-IV-P2-2.1-TE-2023-1941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-IV-P2-2.1-TE-2023-1941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018987","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are investigated in cancer research; however, the direct biological effects of unloaded magnetic colloidal suspensions in renal cancer remain insufficiently characterized. This study compared two double-oleic-acid-coated formulations prepared from precursors: magnetite-based MCS 1 and maghemite-based MCS 2. Methods: The suspensions were characterized by vibrating-sample magnetometry, dynamic light scattering, bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Their effects on A704 renal adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated after 24 h of exposure to 1\u20135 \u00b5g\/mL using MTT, neutral red uptake, JC-1, Hoechst 33342\/MitoTracker Red CMXRos, acridine orange\/propidium iodide staining, and a 7-day clonogenic assay. Results: MCS 2 showed higher volumetric saturation magnetization (1.541 vs. 1.059 Gs), a smaller Z-average hydrodynamic diameter (79.65 vs. 103.9 nm), and a more uniform volume-weighted distribution. Both formulations significantly reduced metabolic activity and neutral red uptake and induced mitochondrial depolarization, cell-death-associated morphological changes, and impaired clonogenic capacity. MCS 1 generally produced a moderate response with an apparent plateau, whereas MCS 2 showed a pronounced concentration-related effect at 4\u20135 \u00b5g\/mL. At 5 \u00b5g\/mL, MCS 2 reduced metabolic activity to approximately 49%, neutral red uptake to 50.04%, the JC-1 aggregate-to-monomer ratio to 46.02%, and colony formation to 31.44% of the control. Conclusions: The suspensions exhibited distinct physicochemical and biological profiles. MCS 2 produced greater effects at the highest concentrations, potentially related to its smaller hydrodynamic size and more uniform particle-size distribution. Further studies should establish tumor selectivity, cellular uptake, and the underlying molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1788266478000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Effects of Magnetite- and Maghemite-Based Magnetic Colloidal Suspensions in A704 Renal Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mihai Cristian","family":"Neagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"University Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Management in Pediatric Surgical Conditions (CCMMA-CHIR-PED), 2 Iosif Nemoianu Street, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Haj Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management, Marketing and Dermatopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil Radu","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Management in Pediatric Surgical Conditions (CCMMA-CHIR-PED), 2 Iosif Nemoianu Street, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Smeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management, Marketing and Dermatopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Stoicescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Medical Communication, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin Marius","family":"Popoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Management in Pediatric Surgical Conditions (CCMMA-CHIR-PED), 2 Iosif Nemoianu Street, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Georgiana","family":"Bo\u015ftinaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Management in Pediatric Surgical Conditions (CCMMA-CHIR-PED), 2 Iosif Nemoianu Street, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"\u015etefan","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Management in Pediatric Surgical Conditions (CCMMA-CHIR-PED), 2 Iosif Nemoianu Street, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Iano\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnologies and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, 6 Vasile P\u00e2rvan Blvd., 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"Socoliuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy\u2014Timisoara Branch, 24 M. Viteazu Ave., 300223 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 1 M. Viteazu Ave., 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Barbu Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Laboratory \u201cProf. C. Craciun\u201d, Faculty of Biology & Geology, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena-Alina","family":"Moac\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management, Marketing and Dermatopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Association of Urology (2026, July 04). EAU Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma. Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/renal-cell-carcinoma."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712126","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma","volume":"378","author":"Motzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816714","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma","volume":"380","author":"Rini","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035716","article-title":"Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab or everolimus for advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"384","author":"Motzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18577","DOI":"10.1021\/jp075133m","article-title":"Effect of nature and particle size on properties of uniform magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles","volume":"111","author":"Roca","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19628-z","article-title":"Uptake, distribution, clearance, and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles with different sizes and coatings","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01070.x","article-title":"Targeting hyperthermia for renal cell carcinoma using human MN antigen-specific magnetoliposomes","volume":"92","author":"Shinkai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15904","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03518J","article-title":"Triggering the apoptosis of targeted human renal cancer cells by the vibration of anisotropic magnetic particles attached to the cell membrane","volume":"7","author":"Leulmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.05.031","article-title":"Effect of surface charge and agglomerate degree of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on KB cellular uptake in vitro","volume":"73","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.01.081","article-title":"Synthesis of bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their application in pH-responsive Pickering emulsions","volume":"310","author":"Lan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.04.181","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with a bilayer of oleic acid for magnetic hyperthermia and MRI applications","volume":"383","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-480","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects and the mechanism of three types of magnetic nanoparticles on human hepatoma BEL-7402 cells","volume":"6","author":"Kai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123770","article-title":"Chemical transformation and cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles accumulated in mitochondria","volume":"251","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119377","article-title":"Magnetic-core-based silibinin nanopolymeric carriers for the treatment of renal cell cancer","volume":"275","author":"Takke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazi, R.N.A., Hasani, I.W., Khafaga, D.S.R., Kabba, S., Farhan, M., Aatif, M., Muteeb, G., and Fahim, Y.A. (2025). Nanomedicine: The Effective Role of Nanomaterials in Healthcare from Diagnosis to Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080987"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01761-7","article-title":"Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: Imaging, treatment and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2012.05159.x","article-title":"Solution combustion synthesis and characterization of magnetite, Fe3O4, nanopowders","volume":"95","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.08.038","article-title":"\u03b3-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared by combustion synthesis, followed by chemical oxidation of residual carbon with H2O2","volume":"148","author":"Niznansky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb00369h","article-title":"Scaling laws at the nano size: The effect of particle size and shape on the magnetism and relaxivity of iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agents","volume":"1","author":"Smolensky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR07262C","article-title":"The internal structure of magnetic nanoparticles determines the magnetic response","volume":"9","author":"Pacakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11892","DOI":"10.1021\/es502174p","article-title":"Aqueous aggregation and surface deposition processes of engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for environmental applications","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziemba, B. (2025). Advances in Cytotoxicity Testing: From In Vitro Assays to In Silico Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202510.1961.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300547","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202300547","article-title":"Antioxidant microgels support peroxide-challenged hepatic cells","volume":"8","author":"Westensee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1085742","article-title":"Resistance to sunitinib in renal clear cell carcinoma results from sequestration in lysosomes and inhibition of the autophagic flux","volume":"11","author":"Giuliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz161","article-title":"Targeting lysosome function causes selective cytotoxicity in VHL-inactivated renal cell carcinomas","volume":"41","author":"Bouhamdani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3128","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3128","article-title":"Analysis of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using the Cationic JC-1 Dye as a Sensitive Fluorescent Probe","volume":"9","author":"Sivandzade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2023.149027","article-title":"Performance of TMRM and Mitotrackers in mitochondrial morphofunctional analysis of primary human skin fibroblasts","volume":"1865","author":"Desai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YazdanParast, S.M., Manoochehri, N., and Abdolahad, M. (2026). Low-dose vitamin C-based electroporation of solid tumors: A new area in non-cytotoxic electrochemotherapy. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14040936"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"199","article-title":"In vitro and in ovo assessment of labetalol and silibinin, alone and in combination, in H9C2(2-1) cardiomyocyte cells","volume":"74","author":"Petroman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanagesan, S., Aziz, S.B.A., Hashim, M., Ismail, I., Tamilselvan, S., Alitheen, N.B.B.M., Swamy, M.K., and Purna Chandra Rao, B. (2016). Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Evaluation of Manganese Ferrite (MnFe2O4) Nanoparticles for Their Biocompatibility with Murine Breast Cancer Cells (4T1). Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030312"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klett, A., Raith, D., Silvestrini, P., Stingl, M., Bermeitinger, J., Sapre, A., Condor, M., Melachrinos, R., Kusterer, M., and Brand, A. (2025). Leveraging automated time-lapse microscopy coupled with deep learning to automate colony forming assay. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1520972"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25378","article-title":"Determination of the optical interference of iron oxide nanoparticles in fluorometric cytotoxicity assays","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.08.093","article-title":"Development and characterization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using microwave for the combustion reaction ignition, as possible candidates for biomedical applications","volume":"394","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Synthesis, characterisation and a preliminary in vitro evaluation of a magnetic nanoformulation on kidney Vero cell line","volume":"73","author":"Neagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.07.004","article-title":"Magnetic fluid rheology and flows","volume":"10","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.11.158","article-title":"Sterically stabilised water-based magnetic fluids: Synthesis, structure, and properties","volume":"311","author":"Bica","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyanarayanajois, S. (2011). Optimization of the Tetrazolium Dye (MTT) Colorimetric Assay for Cellular Growth and Viability. Drug Design and Discovery. Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-012-6"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2022.6.11","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Assessment of Liposomes Loaded with Biologically Active Substances on Oral Tumour Cells","volume":"70","author":"Predut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70025","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70025","article-title":"Modulation of Primary Human Apical Papilla Stem Cells: Influence of Enterococcus faecalis, Oxygen Levels, and Calcium Silicate-Based Cements","volume":"133","author":"Rakhimova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Gallic Acid-Zinc(II) Metallocomplex Exerts a Stronger Cytotoxicity than Gallic Acid in U2OS Cells","volume":"74","author":"Lungu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nica, D.F., Cosoroab\u0103, R.M., Dinu, S., Dumitrel, S.-I., Chioran, D., T\u0103nase, A., and Popa, M. (2026). Exploring Thymol\u2019s Cytocompatibility and Potential Selective Cytotoxicity in Human Primary Gingival Fibroblasts and Pharyngeal Carcinoma Cells: An In Vitro and In Ovo Investigation. Dent. J., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14020105"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:38:40Z","timestamp":1788410320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19091381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19091381","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}