{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:07:33Z","timestamp":1789031253020,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders","award":["23XD1402500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1402500"]}]},{"name":"Training program for research physicians of innovative translational ability","award":["SHDC2022CRD037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2022CRD037"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan","award":["23DZ2291500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ2291500"]}]},{"name":"Program for Outstanding Medical Academic Leader of Shanghai","award":["2022LJ011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJ011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving ROS and ferroptosis. MXene, a 2D material, functions as both a drug carrier and ROS scavenger. Butylphthalide (NBP), a neuroprotective agent, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. This study synthesized Ti2C@BSA-NBP, a novel MXene nanocomposite, to enhance NBP delivery and therapeutic efficacy for AD. Materials and Methods: Ti2C@BSA-NBP was synthesized via self-assembly and amidation reaction, and characterized by multiple techniques. In vitro, ROS-scavenging capacity, mitochondrial function, and ferroptosis markers were assessed in H2O2-injured cells. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in an AD mouse model via behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical analyses. Results: The nanocomposite exhibited robust ROS-scavenging activity in vitro, significantly attenuating ROS, restoring mitochondrial function, and reversing ferroptosis markers. In vivo, Ti2C@BSA-NBP ameliorated learning\/memory deficits, partially repaired neuronal morphology, and suppressed neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, it downregulated ACSL4 and A\u03b2 overexpression while restoring GPX4 inhibition. Discussion: Ti2C@BSA-NBP exerts synergistic neuroprotection through MXene-mediated ROS clearance and NBP-mediated multi-target regulation, counteracting oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and neuroinflammation. Conclusions: Ti2C@BSA-NBP is a promising multifunctional nanoplatform integrating antioxidant activity, enhanced drug delivery, and ferroptosis modulation for AD therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:28:22Z","timestamp":1788280102000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-Dimensional MXene-Loaded Butylphthalide Enhances the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Inhibiting Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seventh People\u2019s Hospital of Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bangjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seventh People\u2019s Hospital of Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tinglin Hospital of Jinshan District of Shanghai, Shanghai 201505, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1742-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9S303","article-title":"100 Years of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (1906\u20132006)","volume":"9","author":"Lage","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-0249-z","article-title":"Clinical Research on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Progress and Perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S200490","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160612","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer\u2019s disease Neurons","volume":"57","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V39N7p505","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease-the inexorable epidemic","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2016-0086","article-title":"Factors underlying cognitive decline in old age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of the hippocampus","volume":"28","author":"Jaroudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bhatt, J., Comas Herrera, A., Amico, F., Farina, N., Wong, J., Orange, J., Gaber, S., Knapp, M., Salcher-Konrad, M., and Stevens, M. (2019). The World Alzheimer Report 2019: Attitudes to Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1039\/c0mt00074d","article-title":"Role of metal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Bonda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babi\u0107 Leko, M., Langer Horvat, L., \u0160pani\u0107 Popova\u010dki, E., Zub\u010di\u0107, K., Hof, P.R., and \u0160imi\u0107, G. (2023). Metals in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041161"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, F., Shohag, S., Akhter, S., Islam, M.R., Sultana, S., Mitra, S., Chandran, D., Khandaker, M.U., Ashraf, G.M., and Idris, A.M. (2022). Exposure of metal toxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An extensive review. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.903099"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2102073","article-title":"Infectious agents and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Piekut","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01520-7","article-title":"Multi-pathogen infections and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Vigasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2022.10.004","article-title":"An update on the novel and approved drugs for Alzheimer disease","volume":"30","author":"Alhazmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"27","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately?","volume":"3","author":"Robles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Neurol. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119790","article-title":"An update on Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Immunotherapeutic agents, stem cell therapy and gene editing","volume":"282","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.03.017","article-title":"Advancing cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"30","author":"Temple","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.07.006","article-title":"A cell therapy approach to restore microglial Trem2 function in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.050","article-title":"DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-\u03b2 aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer\u2019s therapy","volume":"27","author":"Qiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2023.06.006","article-title":"Co-administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide and neprilysin is neuroprotective in Alzheimer disease associated with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000289","article-title":"Application and prospects of butylphthalide for the treatment of neurologic diseases","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02777-8","article-title":"CaMKII\u03b1 Signaling Is Required for the Neuroprotective Effects of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e082404","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082404","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (EBMCI study)","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01096-0","article-title":"Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: Current progress and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"133","article-title":"Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards","volume":"3","author":"Borm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21254","article-title":"Current Strategies for Brain Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119491","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies","volume":"224","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1695","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1695","article-title":"Brain penetrating peptides and peptide-drug conjugates to overcome the blood-brain barrier and target CNS diseases","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203031","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202203031","article-title":"Cu2+-Chelatable and ROS-Scavenging MXenzyme as NIR-II-Triggered BBlood-Brain Barrier-Crossing Nanocatalyst against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128780","article-title":"Efficient mercury removal from aqueous solutions using carboxylated Ti3C2Tx MXene","volume":"434","author":"Isfahani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, L., Chai, L., Yang, W., Wang, H., and Zhang, L. (2019). 2D Titanium Carbides (Ti3C2Tx) Functionalized by Poly(m-phenylenediamine) for Efficient Adsorption and Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010167"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131293","article-title":"Ti3C2Tx MXenes loaded with Au nanoparticle dimers as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering aptasensor for AFB1 detection","volume":"372","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15579","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00861","article-title":"Aryl Diazonium-Assisted Amidoximation of MXene for Boosting Water Stability and Uranyl Sequestration via Electrochemical Sorption","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3751-y","article-title":"Versatile Ti3C2Tx MXene for free-radical scavenging","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300777","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202300777","article-title":"MXene-Mediated Catalytic Redox Reactions for Biomedical Applications","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chempluschem"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2103993","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202103993","article-title":"Growth Factor-Decorated Ti3C2 MXene\/MoS2 2D Bio-Heterojunctions with Quad-Channel Photonic Disinfection for Effective Regeneration of Bacteria-Invaded Cutaneous Tissue","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00901-w","article-title":"Recent Advancements on Photothermal Conversion and Antibacterial Applications over MXenes-Based Materials","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7336","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC01694J","article-title":"MXenes in photomedicine: Advances and prospects","volume":"58","author":"Iravani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5696","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00990","article-title":"Niobium and Titanium Carbides (MXenes) as Superior Photothermal Supports for CO2 Photocatalysis","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12696","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07241","article-title":"2D Tantalum Carbide (MXenes) Composite Nanosheets for Multiple Imaging-Guided Photothermal Tumor Ablation","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28951","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA05188A","article-title":"Enhancing the Ag-loading capacity on Ti3C2Tx sheets as hybrid fillers to form composite coatings with excellent antibacterial properties","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolz, D., Morales-Garc\u00eda, \u00c1., Vi\u00f1es, F., and Illas, F. (2021). Exfoliation Energy as a Descriptor of MXenes Synthesizability and Surface Chemical Activity. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010127"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201651","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201651","article-title":"Covalently Functionalized MXenes for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Janica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09639","article-title":"Dual-Atom Co\/Ni Electrocatalyst Anchored at the Surface-Modified Ti3C2Tx MXene Enables Efficient Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Dai, W., Wang, L., Yao, C., Wang, C., Gu, B., Li, D., and He, J. (2022). Electroactive Oxidized Alginate\/Gelatin\/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Composite Hydrogel with Improved Biocompatibility and Self-Healing Property. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14183908"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.379037","article-title":"Recent advances in the application of MXenes for neural tissue engineering and regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113652","article-title":"Conductive 3D Ti3C2Tx MXene-Matrigel hydrogels promote proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells","volume":"233","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302747","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302747","article-title":"Bifunctional MXene-Augmented Retinal Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Retinal Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01590-8","article-title":"Two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene promotes electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01669-2","article-title":"GelMA-MXene hydrogel nerve conduits with microgrooves for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00425-7","article-title":"Water-soluble covalent conjugates of bovine serum albumin with anionic poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) and their immunogenicity","volume":"22","author":"Dilgimen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tincu Iurciuc, C.E., Daraba, O.M., J\u00e9r\u00f4me, C., Popa, M., and Ochiuz, L. (2024). Albumin-Based Hydrogel Films Covalently Cross-Linked with Oxidized Gellan with Encapsulated Curcumin for Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16121631"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.2c00087","article-title":"Clickable Albumin Nanoparticles for Pretargeted Drug Delivery toward PD-L1 Overexpressing Tumors in Combination Immunotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Gerke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM00388G","article-title":"Fabrication of P\u03b5CL-AuNP-BSA core-shell-corona nanoparticles for flexible spatiotemporal drug delivery and SERS detection","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8309","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S184379","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded galactosylated BSA nanoparticles as targeted drug delivery carriers inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2020.1760702","article-title":"Polyelectrolytic BSA nanoparticles containing silicon dihydroxide phthalocyanine as a promising candidate for drug delivery systems for anticancer photodynamic therapy","volume":"31","author":"Mazzilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S299479","article-title":"Preparation Optimization of Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles and Its Application for siRNA Delivery","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.008","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized albumin-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery","volume":"171","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.05.050","article-title":"Impact of surface modification in BSA nanoparticles for uptake in cancer cells","volume":"145","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.041","article-title":"BSA-based Cu2Se nanoparticles with multistimuli-responsive drug vehicles for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy","volume":"172","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.03.044","article-title":"Immobilization of BSA on ionic liquid functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for use in surface imprinting strategy","volume":"168","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112935","article-title":"Increased blood-brain barrier permeability of neuroprotective drug by colloidal serum albumin carriers","volume":"220","author":"Hornok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8531","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02015C","article-title":"Biocompatible BSA-MnO2 nanoparticles for in vivo timely permeability imaging of blood-brain barrier and prediction of hemorrhage transformation in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Dong, Y., Chu, Y., Guo, Y., and Li, L. (2022). The mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.965064"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00574F","article-title":"Engineering the surface of graphene oxide with bovine serum albumin for improved biocompatibility in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"2","author":"Sivaselvam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"131","article-title":"Enzyme-MXene Nanosheets: Fabrication and Application in Electrochemical Detection of H2O2","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.10.005","article-title":"Anti-osteosarcoma trimodal synergistic therapy using NiFe-LDH and MXene nanocomposite for enhanced biocompatibility and efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1706981","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706981","article-title":"Surface Nanopore Engineering of 2D MXenes for Targeted and Synergistic Multitherapies of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB01973J","article-title":"Simultaneous antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of two-dimensional (2D) MXene-loaded isoquercetin for ischemic stroke treatment","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"207","article-title":"Enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in lymphocytes as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Leuner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8300-y","article-title":"Peripheral mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on lymphocytes","volume":"46","author":"Leuner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155168","article-title":"Ginsenoside RK1 improves cognitive impairments and pathological changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease via stimulation of the AMPK\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"122","author":"She","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215280","article-title":"Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Influences Amyloid-\u03b2 Protein Precursor Localization and Amyloid-\u03b2 Secretion","volume":"85","author":"Wilkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00634-3","article-title":"Salidroside attenuates neuronal ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2\/HO1 signaling pathway in A\u03b2(1-42)-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice and glutamate-injured HT22 cells","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:96:1-3:117","article-title":"Effect of iron supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"96","author":"Kurtoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00428-9","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Mechanisms and links with diseases","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordiano, R., Di Gioacchino, M., Mangifesta, R., Panzera, C., Gangemi, S., and Minciullo, P.L. (2023). Malondialdehyde as a Potential Oxidative Stress Marker for Allergy-Oriented Diseases: An Update. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165979"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2084-3561","article-title":"Ferroptosis Signaling Pathways: Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201369","article-title":"The Potential Role of Ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:16:36Z","timestamp":1789028196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19091386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19091386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}