{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:11:58Z","timestamp":1788541918509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jouf University","award":["DGSSR-2025-02-01132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSSR-2025-02-01132"]}]},{"award":["DGSSR-2025-02-01132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSSR-2025-02-01132"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zsyt821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, disrupted apoptosis, and altered autophagy are biological processes implicated in colorectal tumor development. Morin is a plant-derived flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its limited solubility and bioavailability may limit its biological activity. This study evaluated the effects of free morin and morin-loaded liposomes (MOR-Lips) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-associated colonic biochemical, molecular, and histopathological alterations in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to six groups\u2014vehicle control, MOR, MOR-Lips, DMH, DMH + MOR, and DMH + MOR-Lips\u2014and treated for 10 weeks. Serum and colonic tissues were evaluated for cancer-associated biomarkers (CEA, CA19-9, CA125, HMG-CoA reductase), oxidative stress and antioxidant indices, nitrosative and oxidative DNA-damage markers (MDA, NO, 8-OHdG), inflammatory mediators (TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/COX-2, cytokines, MPO), proliferative indices (Ki-67, PCNA), apoptotic and autophagy-related regulators (Bax, caspase-3, p53, cytochrome c, BCL-2, p-AKT, LC3-II, Beclin-1, p62), and histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. Results: DMH exposure was associated with increased CEA, CA19-9, CA125, HMG-CoA reductase, MDA, NO, 8-OHdG, TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/COX-2, cytokines, MPO, Ki-67, and PCNA. DMH also reduced NRF2\/HO-1 signaling and antioxidant defenses, shifted apoptosis-related markers toward a pro-survival profile, altered autophagy-related markers, and produced marked colonic histopathological abnormalities. Both free MOR and MOR-Lips attenuated several of these DMH-associated alterations, with MOR-Lips generally producing greater effects than free MOR. MOR-LIP treatment was associated with restoration of antioxidant marker profiles, reduced levels of inflammatory and proliferative markers, a shift toward a pro-apoptotic marker profile, partial normalization of autophagy-related markers, and improved colonic histopathological appearance. Conclusions: In DMH-exposed rats, MOR-Lips were associated with more favorable redox, inflammatory, proliferative, apoptosis-related, autophagy-related, and histopathological profiles than free MOR. These findings support further investigation of MOR-Lips as a formulation strategy for improving the biological activity of morin. Because quantitative preneoplastic and neoplastic endpoints were not measured, the results do not establish inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis or chemopreventive efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liposomal Morin Attenuates DMH-Associated Colonic Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis\/Autophagy-Related Dysregulation in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2573-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Akeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ekramy M.","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6160-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad M.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aly A. M.","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7577-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Aldaghmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Barakat M.","family":"Alrashdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Saad M.","family":"Alrashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation and Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehad E.","family":"Elshopakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3811-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baraah","family":"Abu Alsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences & Preparatory Year Department, North Private College of Nursing, Arar 73244, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal S.","family":"Fawzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"14","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. 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