{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:08:22Z","timestamp":1789189702542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81773987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81773987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773987"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Guizhi Fuling Capsule (GZFL), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, is widely used for primary dysmenorrhea and other blood-stasis gynecological disorders. This study aimed to characterize its material basis, elucidate its multi-component, multi-target mechanism against acute primary dysmenorrhea, and establish an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacometabolomic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PM-PD) framework for TCM efficacy evaluation. Methods: GZFL constituents and serum metabolites in an oxytocin-\/estradiol-induced rat dysmenorrhea model were characterized by UPLC\/Q-TOF-MS. Uterine effects of GZFL-containing serum were assessed ex vivo. The active components of GZFL were screened by Chinmedomics, with candidate targets investigated through network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular docking. In total, 23 pharmacodynamic indicators were integrated by principal component analysis into an Efficacy Index (EI). Correlation analysis between pharmacometabolomic and pharmacodynamic data yielded a Metabolite-Efficacy Index (MEI), evaluated across a 21-day time course. Results: Among 197 constituents characterized in GZFL extract, 136 serum-exposed components were detected, with several key metabolites enriched via biotransformation. GZFL-containing serum bidirectionally regulated uterine contractility toward the control level. Integrated analyses revealed 68 candidate therapeutic targets. GZFL suppressed NF-\u03baB\/IKK\u03b2 signaling, down-regulated COX-2\/iNOS, restored the PGF2\u03b1\/PGE2 balance, and normalized inflammatory cytokines. Eleven efficacy-associated metabolites correlated with pharmacodynamic recovery were revealed and integrated, with MEI achieving the highest predictive performance among five integration strategies (AUC = 0.9) and robustly tracking the full 21-day disease-recovery trajectory. Conclusions: GZFL attenuates dysmenorrhea through coordinated regulation of inflammation, prostaglandin metabolism, and uterine functional homeostasis, rather than through inhibition of a single target. The PK-PM-PD framework, with EI and MEI, offers a reproducible paradigm for evaluating complex TCM therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:54:19Z","timestamp":1789055659000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacometabolomics to Elucidate Guizhi Fuling Capsule\u2019s Homeostatic Mechanism Against Acute Dysmenorrhea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9562-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Ru","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zi-Han","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Si-Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tong-Tong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Ji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Guo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115540","article-title":"Systemic pharmacological verification of Guizhi Fuling decoction in treating endometriosis-associated pain","volume":"297","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6813421","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6813421","article-title":"The Multiple Pharmacologic Functions and Mechanisms of Action of Guizhi Fuling Formulation","volume":"2022","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117277","article-title":"Guizhi Fuling Formulation: A review on chemical constituents, quality control, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacological properties, adverse reactions and clinical applications","volume":"319","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"313","article-title":"An UPLC-MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of multiple constituents in Guizhi Fuling capsule with ultrafast positive\/negative ionization switching","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31364","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31364","article-title":"Integrated identification, qualification and quantification strategy for pharmacokinetic profile study of Guizhi Fuling capsule in healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110505","article-title":"A review on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects","volume":"130","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.033","article-title":"Paeonol: Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112717","article-title":"Amygdalin\u2014A pharmacological and toxicological review","volume":"254","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Jiang, X., Guo, J., Lu, H., Xie, J., Zhang, F., Yao, C., and Hao, E. (2025). Pharmacological Potential of Cinnamic Acid and Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081141"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"51","article-title":"An update and systematic review on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"23","author":"Sharghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864195","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6864195","article-title":"Moxibustion for Primary Dysmenorrhea: An Adjuvant Therapy for Pain Relief","volume":"2022","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1986.tb00657.x","article-title":"Implantation, menstruation and inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Finn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.007","article-title":"The significance and evolution of menstruation","volume":"50","author":"Jarrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"Cd001751","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea","volume":"2015","author":"Marjoribanks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.08.108","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: Epidemiology, causes, and treatment","volume":"218","author":"Oladosu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/9550","article-title":"Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"5","author":"Gilroy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903816","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation in murine autoimmune arthritis is disrupted by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and restored by prostaglandin E2-mediated lipoxin A4 production","volume":"184","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"494","article-title":"Treating gynaecological disorders with traditional Chinese medicine: A review","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.03.009","article-title":"\u201cWeibing\u201d in traditional Chinese medicine-biological basis and mathematical representation of disease-susceptible state","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100637","article-title":"The principles of health, illness and treatment\u2014The key concepts from \u201cThe Yellow Emperor\u2019s Classic of Internal Medicine\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2009.0867","article-title":"Preventive treatment of traditional Chinese medicine as antistress and antiaging strategy","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120674","article-title":"Integrated lipidomics and Chinmedomics reveal the multi-target mechanism of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex in prostate cancer via lipid metabolism remodeling","volume":"355","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154853","article-title":"Screening the effective components of Suanzaoren decoction on the treatment of chronic restraint stress induced anxiety-like mice by integrated chinmedomics and network pharmacology","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Su, N., Liu, W., Wang, Q., Sun, J., and Peng, Y. (2021). Metabolomics Study of Guizhi Fuling Capsules in Rats With Cold Coagulation Dysmenorrhea. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.764904"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8607931","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8607931","article-title":"Guizhi Fuling Capsule Exhibits Antidysmenorrhea Activity by Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Activity","volume":"2020","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115525","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics-derived absorbed components responsible for Guizhi-Fuling capsule target PI3K\/Akt-Erk to exert an anti-dysmenorrhea effect","volume":"297","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002","DOI":"10.48130\/targetome-0025-0002","article-title":"Targetome-guided combination drug discovery as next-generation therapeutics","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Targetome"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120534","article-title":"Network pharmacology-guided lipidomics and molecular docking reveals the involvement of sphingolipid metabolism and HIF-1 signaling in Xiaoyao San\u2019s blood-nourishing mechanism against depression","volume":"354","author":"Gong","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70182","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70182","article-title":"Reconstruction of Quality Marker System for Xiaoqinglong Decoction Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.009","article-title":"Systems Theory-Driven Framework for AI Integration into the Holistic Material Basis Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21500","article-title":"Mechanism of penehyclidine hydrochloride on a dysmenorrhea rat model","volume":"80","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112432","article-title":"Studies on the potential link between antidepressant effect of Xiaoyao San and its pharmacological activity of hepatoprotection based on multi-platform metabolomics","volume":"249","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Zhao, Y., Qin, Y., Xu, R., Yang, Z., and Peng, H. (2021). Untargeted Metabolomics and Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Specialized Metabolites Accumulation in Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Fushen). Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.713490"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Bai, X., Ding, Y., Wen, A., and Fu, Q. (2024). Combining systems pharmacology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to reveal the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza-Cortex moutan herb pair for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1431692"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Deng, M., Wang, S.-Y., Ding, Q., Liu, J.-H., Xie, X., Huang, Y.-H., and Tu, Z.-C. (2023). Mitigation of Paeoniae Radix Alba extracts on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells and hyperglycemia in zebrafish, and identification of phytochemical constituents. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1135759"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.04.002","article-title":"Protective effect of keishi-bukuryo-gan and its constituent medicinal plants against nitric oxide donor-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells","volume":"11","author":"Shimada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Zhang, L., Song, J., Fan, B., Nie, Y., Bai, D., and Lei, H. (2016). The Profiling and Identification of the Absorbed Constituents and Metabolites of Guizhi Decoction in Rat Plasma and Urine by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography Combined with Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091409"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29528","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04701E","article-title":"Rapid characterization of chemical constituents of Shaoyao Gancao decoction using UHPLC coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150357","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6150357","article-title":"The Screening Research of NF-\u03baB Inhibitors from Moutan Cortex Based on Bioactivity-Integrated UPLC-Q\/TOF-MS","volume":"2019","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.12.036","article-title":"Comparison of triterpene compounds of four botanical parts from Poria cocos (Schw.) wolf using simultaneous qualitative and quantitative method and metabolomics approach","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3002353","article-title":"Chemicalome and metabolome matching approach to elucidating biological metabolic networks of complex mixtures","volume":"84","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:28:04Z","timestamp":1789187284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/9\/1438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19091438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19091438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}