{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:00:38Z","timestamp":1789984838992,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00dcRBLACK Inc.","award":["1021-PUR\/X-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1021-PUR\/X-2026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Shilajit is a complex mineral-organic resin derived from rocks of varied provenance, and it has been assessed here for its antioxidant activity and acute in vivo toxicity. Methods: Despite the increasing interest in shilajit as a dietary supplement, systematic data about its acute toxicity, biochemical safety, and biological effects remain limited. Results: Samples demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging ability, with IC50 values between 1.657 and 3.502 mg\/mL for ABTS and 2.042 to 6.011 mg\/mL for DPPH. Phenolic profiling identified samples 6 and 7 as the richest in urolithin A and phenolic acids. No fatalities, clinical signs of toxicity, or notable changes in food and water consumption or body weight gain were observed during the 14-day period, suggesting minimal single acute oral toxicity (LD50 &gt; 2000 mg kg\u22121). Serum analysis revealed changes in lipid and testosterone profiles. In an exploratory follow-up of the two samples with the highest free testosterone values (6 and 7), total and free testosterone were increased approximately 2.5-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, relative to the control group. Conclusions: The tested shilajit samples were tolerated under the conditions of this study, with no mortality or overt clinical toxicity during the 14-day observation period. Histopathological examination revealed mild to moderate degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatic and renal tissues, without hepatic fibrosis or pronounced renal interstitial lesions. These findings support satisfactory single acute oral tolerability under the study conditions but do not exclude tissue effects or establish their reversibility. Further studies are warranted to assess the long-term safety of standardized shilajit resin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19091486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biogeochemical Evaluation of Shilajit: Testosterone-Modulating Effects, In Vivo Toxicity and Lipid Profile Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nodari","family":"Rizun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00fcrblack Inc., 41877 Enterprise Circle N., Temecula, CA 92590, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Stankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Bradi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 69 Svetozara Markovi\u0107a St., 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"An\u0111i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 69 Svetozara Markovi\u0107a St., 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5554-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"La\u0111arevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jakovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 69 Svetozara Markovi\u0107a St., 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovi\u0107a St., 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0892-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svitlana","family":"Zahorodnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, St. Academician Zabolotny, 154, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2295-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad","family":"Jankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Kne\u017eevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"674142","article-title":"Shilajit: A Natural Phytocomplex with Potential Procognitive Activity","volume":"2012","author":"Maccioni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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