{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:48:47Z","timestamp":1792597727106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholera remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries where basic hygiene standards are not met. The symptoms of cholera are caused by cholera toxin, an enterotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We have recently shown that human probiotic bacteria are capable of removing cyanobacterial toxins from aqueous solutions. In the present study we investigate the ability of the human probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (ATCC 53103) and Bifidobacterium longum 46 (DSM 14583), to remove cholera toxin from solution in vitro. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium longum 46 were able to remove 68% and 59% of cholera toxin from aqueous solutions during 18 h of incubation at 37 \u00b0C, respectively. The effect was dependent on bacterial concentration and L. rhamnosus GG was more effective at lower bacterial concentrations. No significant effect on cholera toxin concentration was observed when nonviable bacteria or bacterial supernatant was used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph5060665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T12:49:40Z","timestamp":1340110180000},"page":"665-673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Removal of Cholera Toxin from Aqueous Solution by Probiotic Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jari E.","family":"Heikkil\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Tykist\u00f6katu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja M. K.","family":"Nybom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Tykist\u00f6katu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo J.","family":"Salminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi A. O.","family":"Meriluoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Tykist\u00f6katu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2009). An old enemy returns?. Bull. 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