{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:26:41Z","timestamp":1791224801703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer immunotherapy utilizing V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells has been developed over the past decade. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted on various types of solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies. V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell-based immunotherapy can be classified into two categories based on the methods of activation and expansion of these cells. Although the in vivo expansion of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells by phosphoantigens or nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-bis) has been translated to early-phase clinical trials, in which the safety of the treatment was confirmed, problems such as activation-induced V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell anergy and a decrease in the number of peripheral blood V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells after infusion of these stimulants have not yet been solved. In addition, it is difficult to ex vivo expand V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells from advanced cancer patients with decreased initial numbers of peripheral blood V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells. In this article, we review the clinical studies and reports targeting V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells and discuss the development and improvement of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph8010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T12:08:24Z","timestamp":1423742904000},"page":"40-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["\u03b3\u03b4 T Cell Immunotherapy\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hirohito","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing, Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/309757a0","article-title":"Complete primary structure of a heterodimeric T-cell receptor deduced from cDNA sequences","volume":"309","author":"Saito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/322145a0","article-title":"Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor","volume":"322","author":"Brenner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/327677a0","article-title":"A new T-cell receptor gene located within the alpha locus and expressed early in T-cell differentiation","volume":"327","author":"Chien","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1991.tb00591.x","article-title":"Biology of human \u03b3\u03b4 T cell receptor","volume":"120","author":"Porcelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. 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