{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:34:43Z","timestamp":1773743683135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanocrystals research has been an area of significant interest lately, providing oral bioavailability benefits to solubility- and\/or dissolution rate-limited drugs. Drug nanocrystals are generated using top-down or bottom-up technologies. Combination technologies (Nanoedge, Nanopure XP and SmartCrystal) have been recently developed to generate nanocrystals of improved properties. Our lab has also contributed in this field by providing a \u2018novel\u2019 platform technology, NanoCrySP, for the generation of nanocrystals. NanoCrySP-generated nanocrystals have improved the oral bioavailability of various molecules. In this study, we aim to assess the permeability behavior of nanocrystals generated by NanoCrySP. Three samples of Dipyridamole (DPM) drug were used in this study: (1) DPM (micron-sized powder), (2) nanocrystals of DPM (NS), generated by media milling (as control) and, (3) nanocrystalline solid dispersion containing DPM (NSD) in the matrix of mannitol (MAN), generated using NanoCrySP technology. In vitro (Caco-2 cell lines) and ex vivo (everted gut sac) studies were conducted in this work. Cellular permeability (Papp) from apical-to-basolateral side in Caco-2 cell monolayer was found to be in the order NS &gt; NSD &gt; DPM, which was the same as their apparent solubility values. Higher Papp from a basolateral-to-apical side suggested a significant contribution of the P-gp efflux transport for DPM, while NS exhibited much higher inhibition of the efflux mechanism than NSD. Both NS and NSD showed higher permeation from the jejunum region in the ex vivo everted gut sac study. Interestingly, Papp of NSD was similar to NS in ex vivo everted gut sac model, however, NSD showed higher mucoadhesion than NS and DPM in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Permeability Behavior of Nanocrystalline Solid Dispersion of Dipyridamole Generated Using NanoCrySP Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ashish","family":"Girdhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 160062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poonam Singh","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 160062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Sheokand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 160062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvind K.","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 160062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v21.i3.10","article-title":"Amorphous drug delivery systems: Molecular aspects, design, and performance","volume":"21","author":"Kaushal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1884","article-title":"An integrated absorption model for determining dissolution, permeability, and solubility limited absorption","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802585","article-title":"Nanomedicine-challenge and perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Riehemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. 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