{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:34:31Z","timestamp":1770834871501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nails that is widespread and difficult to treat because of the impermeable nature of human nails. Topically applied anti-fungal agents cannot penetrate this structure, and treatment regimens often resort to systemic antifungals with concomitant side effects. One recent clinical study suggested that mechanical fenestration of the nail using an intelligent nail drill might be a possible solution to this problem. In this work, an in vitro model of the transungual delivery of antifungal agents is presented, which utilizes real nail tissue and an inline flow system. This system was deployed to measure transungual delivery of ciclopirox and determined that nail fenestration improved drug delivery by 3\u20134-fold after 42 days. This study bolsters the argument that nail fenestration should be accepted as a pretreatment for onychomycosis and offers a way of evaluating new drugs or formulations designed to combat this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1547468407000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transungual Delivery of Ciclopirox Is Increased 3\u20134-Fold by Mechanical Fenestration of Human Nail Plate in an In Vitro Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Cordoba D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Elena","family":"Losa Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1568-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Fisioterapia y Podolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7880-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Cordoba Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdes, B.S.G., Serro, A.P., Marto, J., Santos, R.G.D., G\u00f3mez, E.C., Otero-Espinar, F.J., Bordado, J.M., and Ribeiro, H.M. (2018). Polyurethanes as New Excipients in Nail Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040276"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agache, P., and Humbert, P. (2004). Main skin biological constants. Measuring the Skin, Spriner-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08585-1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20901","article-title":"In vitro penetration of a novel oxaborole antifungal (AN2690) into the human nail plate","volume":"96","author":"Hui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"363","article-title":"Structural characteristics and permeability properties of the human nail: A review","volume":"50","author":"Gupchup","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. 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Sci."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/11\/1\/29\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:25:40Z","timestamp":1760185540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/11\/1\/29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics11010029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]}}}