{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:38:53Z","timestamp":1783481933836,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) nanoparticles were synthesized with the purpose of encapsulating levofloxacin (LEV). A thorough study has been carried out in order to optimize the preparation of LEV-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) suitable for parenteral administration. Changes in the preparation method, in the organic solvent nature, in the pH of the aqueous phase, or in the temperature were investigated. To the authors\u00b4 knowledge, a systematic study in order to improve the LEV nanocarrier characteristics and the yield of drug encapsulation has not been carried out to date. The physicochemical characterization of the NPs, their encapsulation efficiency (EE), and the in vitro release of LEV revealed that the best formulation was the emulsion-solvent evaporation method using dichloromethane as organic solvent, which renders suitable LEV loaded PLGA NPs. The morphology of these NPs was investigated using TEM. Their antimicrobial activities against several microorganisms were determined in vitro measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results show that the use of these loaded LEV PLGA nanoparticles has the advantage of the slow release of the antibiotic, which would permit an increase in the time period between administrations as well as to decrease the side effects of the drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T10:58:27Z","timestamp":1548845907000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Optimized Preparation of Levofloxacin Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9060-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas s\/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Moy\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9661-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Blanco-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilio","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael R.","family":"de la Haba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ventosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.07.002","article-title":"Nanoantibiotics: A new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era","volume":"156","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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