{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:09:46Z","timestamp":1788520186190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30973677 and 81373371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30973677 and 81373371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018M630533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M630533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>6-shogaol is a promising anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent. However, the treatment effectiveness of 6-shogaol is limited by poor water solubility, poor oral absorption and rapid metabolism. Herein, 6-shogaol loaded in micelles (SMs) were designed to improve 6-shogaol\u2019s solubility and bioavailability. The micelles of a PEG derivative of linoleic acid (mPEG2k-LA) were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method with a particle size of 76.8 nm, and entrapment of 81.6 %. Intriguingly, SMs showed a slower release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (pH = 7.4) compared to free 6-shogaol while its oral bioavailability increased by 3.2\u2013fold in vivo. More importantly, the in vitro cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells of SMs was significantly higher than free 6-shogaol. Furthermore, SMs could significantly improve the tissue distribution of 6-shogaol, especially liver and brain. Finally, SMs showed a better hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury in vivo than free 6-shogaol. These results suggest that the novel micelles could potentiate the activities of 6-shogaol in cancer treatment and hepatoprotection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Enhanced Oral Bioavailability, Anti-Tumor Activity and Hepatoprotective Effect of 6-Shogaol Loaded in a Type of Novel Micelles of Polyethylene Glycol and Linoleic Acid Conjugate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congyong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adu-Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, Y., Gao, M., Cui, W., Zeng, M., Cheng, Y., and Li, J. 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