{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T17:13:41Z","timestamp":1768583621594,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia (FM) and myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) are diseases of unknown etiology presenting complex and often overlapping symptomatology. Despite promising advances on the study of miRNomes of these diseases, no validated molecular diagnostic biomarker yet exists. Since FM and ME\/CFS patient treatments commonly include polypharmacy, it is of concern that biomarker miRNAs are masked by drug interactions. Aiming at discriminating between drug-effects and true disease-associated differential miRNA expression, we evaluated the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs on disease miRNomes, as reported by the literature. By using the web search tools SM2miR, Pharmaco-miR, and repoDB, we found a list of commonly prescribed drugs that impact FM and ME\/CFS miRNomes and therefore could be interfering in the process of biomarker discovery. On another end, disease-associated miRNomes may incline a patient\u2019s response to treatment and toxicity. Here, we explored treatments for diseases in general that could be affected by FM and ME\/CFS miRNomes, finding a long list of them, including treatments for lymphoma, a type of cancer affecting ME\/CFS patients at a higher rate than healthy population. We conclude that FM and ME\/CFS miRNomes could help refine pharmacogenomic\/pharmacoepigenomic analysis to elevate future personalized medicine and precision medicine programs in the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T12:18:53Z","timestamp":1552911533000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of Polypharmacy on Candidate Biomarker miRNomes for the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Striking Back on Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eloy","family":"Almenar-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Fito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Ovejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubov","family":"Nathanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Oltra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta CIPF-UCV, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Pr\u00edncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. 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