{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T18:06:59Z","timestamp":1788631619161,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by progressive skin sores. Currently, treatments for CL are limited to parenteral administration of the drug, which presents severe adverse effects and low cure rates. Therefore, this study aimed to develop poly(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels containing Amphotericin B (AmB) intended for topical treatment of CL. Hydrogels were evaluated in vitro for their potential to eliminate promastigote forms of Leishmania spp., to prevent secondary infections, to maintain appropriate healing conditions, and to offer suitable biocompatibility. AmB was incorporated into the system in its non-crystalline state, allowing it to swell more and faster than the system without the drug. Furthermore, the AmB release profile showed a continuous and controlled behavior following Higuchi\u00b4s kinetic model. AmB-loaded-PVA-hydrogels (PVA\u2013AmB) also showed efficient antifungal and leishmanicidal activity, no cytotoxic potential for VERO cells, microbial impermeability and water vapor permeability compatible with the healthy skin\u2019s physiological needs. Indeed, these results revealed the potential of PVA\u2013AmB to prevent secondary infections and to maintain a favorable environment for the healing process. Hence, these results suggest that PVA\u2013AmB could be a suitable and efficient new therapeutic approach for the topical treatment of CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11050200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Functional Wound Dressing as a Potential Treatment for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Alexandrino-Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Nanotecnologia Farmac\u00eautica (PPgNANOFARMA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Nata\/RN 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro\/RJ 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjorie Caroline Liberato Cavalcanti","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos\/SP 13563-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane de Oliveira Freitas","family":"Lione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro\/RJ 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisama Azevedo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro\/RJ 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3625-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Rodrigues","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento do Medicamento, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador\/BA 40170-115, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Genre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Nata\/RN 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anselmo Gomes de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00e1rmacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara\/SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eryvaldo S\u00f3crates Tabosa do","family":"Egito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Nanotecnologia Farmac\u00eautica (PPgNANOFARMA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Nata\/RN 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Nata\/RN 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sistemas Dispersos (LaSiD), Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias s\/n, Petr\u00f3polis, Nata\/RN 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., and Arana, B.I. (2018). Appraisal of Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy, Current Status and Pipeline StrategiesChapter 1 Leishmaniasis, Impact and Therapeutic Needs. Drug Discovery for Leishmaniasis, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788010177-00001"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2013). Sustaining the Drive to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: Second WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO Library."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2014). Leishmaniasis\u2014Fact sheet N\u00b0375, WHO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.5.5.7607","article-title":"Vaccines and vaccination strategies against human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"Okwor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.032","article-title":"The potential economic value of a cutaneous leishmaniasis vaccine in seven endemic countries in the Americas","volume":"31","author":"Bacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2010, January 22\u201326). Control of the Leishmaniasis. Proceedings of the Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962011000600005","article-title":"Estudo cl\u00ednico randomizado comparando antimoniato de meglumina, pentamidina e anfotericina B para o tratamento da leishmaniose cut\u00e2nea ocasionada por Leishmania guyanensis","volume":"86","author":"Neves","year":"2011","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1086\/653606","article-title":"Comparison of 2 Doses of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Conventional Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for Treatment of AIDS-Associated Acute Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety","volume":"51","author":"Hamill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.06.014","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B in comparison to sodium stibogluconate for Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis in travelers","volume":"68","author":"Solomon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1874418401105010023","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive fungal infections in HSCT recipients and other immunocompromised patient populations with hematologic malignancies: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Transplant. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"335","article-title":"Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: A comparative study","volume":"24","author":"Anwar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"281","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Asilian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Evaluation of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Safi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.H., Chung, H.J., Bleys, J., and Ghohestani, R.F. (2009). Is paromomycin an effective and safe treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis? A aeta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000381"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.12.3092","article-title":"Efficacious topical treatment for murine cutaneous leishmaniasis with ethanolic formulations of amphotericin B","volume":"42","author":"Frankenburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2005.14.1.26726","article-title":"The effectiveness of a hydrogel dressing compared with standard management of pressure ulcers","volume":"14","author":"Kaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.011","article-title":"Antibacterial anti-oxidant electroactive injectable hydrogel as self-healing wound dressing with hemostasis and adhesiveness for cutaneous wound healing","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2007.16.3.27019","article-title":"Clinical performance of a hydrogel dressing in chronic wounds: A prospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"Zoellner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.01.021","article-title":"Sterculia crosslinked PVA and PVA-poly(AAm) hydrogel wound dressings for slow drug delivery: Mechanical, mucoadhesive, biocompatible and permeability properties","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2017.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of different in vitro mucoadhesion testing methods for hydrogels","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.05.125","article-title":"Alginate\/chitosan based bi-layer composite membrane as potential sustained-release wound dressing containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride","volume":"311","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci, L.-Q., Huang, Z.-G., Lv, F.-M., Wang, J., Feng, L.-L., Sun, F., Cao, S.-J., Liu, Z.-P., Liu, Y., and Wei, G. (2019). Enhanced Delivery of Imatinib into Vaginal Mucosa via a New Positively Charged Nanocrystal-Loaded in Situ Hydrogel Formulation for Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010015"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8raholmen, M.W., Basnet, P., Tostrup, M.J., Moueffaq, S., and \u0160kalko-Basnet, N. (2019). Localized Therapy of Vaginal Infections and Inflammation: Liposomes-In-Hydrogel Delivery System for Polyphenols. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020053"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateus, D., Marto, J., Trindade, P., Gon\u00e7alves, H., Salgado, A., Machado, P., Melo-Gouveia, A., Ribeiro, H.M., and Almeida, A.J. (2019). Improved Morphine-Loaded Hydrogels for Wound-Related Pain Relief. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020076"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/185117a0","article-title":"Hydrophilic gels for biological use","volume":"185","author":"Wichterle","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.04.005","article-title":"PVA hydrogel properties for biomedical application","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01345","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Microstructured Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Platform for the Controlled Formation of Multicellular Cell Spheroids","volume":"19","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.08.028","article-title":"A two year in vivo study of polyvinyl alcohol-hydrogel (PVA-H) artificial meniscus","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10333","article-title":"Optimizing the tensile properties of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel for the construction of a bioprosthetic heart valve stent","volume":"63","author":"Wan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36372","article-title":"Tissue engineering of human knee meniscus using functionalized and reinforced silk-polyvinyl alcohol composite three-dimensional scaffolds: Understanding the in vitro and in vivo behavior","volume":"106","author":"Pillai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32448","article-title":"Control of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts on apatite-coated poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel as an artificial articular cartilage material","volume":"92","author":"Matsumura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.04.027","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels as an Antibacterial Wound Dressing","volume":"107","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T.L., Jiang, M.H., Liu, X.Q., You, G.J., Wang, W.Y., Sun, Z.H., Ma, A.G., and Chen, J. (2019). Patterned Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Dressings with Stem Cells Seeded for Wound Healing. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11010171"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1163\/156856294X00103","article-title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels as soft contact-lens material","volume":"5","author":"Hyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, M.C.L.C., Alexandrino, F., Marcelino, H.R., Picciani, P.H.d.S., Silva, K.G.d.H.e., Genre, J., Oliveira, A.G.d., and Egito, E.S.T.d. (2017). Understanding drug release data through thermodynamic analysis. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10060651"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(95)00119-0","article-title":"Mesh size and diffusive characteristics of semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes prepared by freezing\/thawing techniques","volume":"107","author":"Hickey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.003","article-title":"Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel microspheres containing dispersed fenofibrate nanocrystals as an oral sustained delivery system","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00090-4","article-title":"Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations","volume":"50","author":"Peppas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.01.050","article-title":"Pva hydrogel sheet macroencapsulation for the bioartificial pancreas","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.08.046","article-title":"Effect of surface properties of liposomes coated with a modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-R) on the interaction with macrophage cells","volume":"354","author":"Nakano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.09.024","article-title":"Physical and biological characterization of sericin-loaded copolymer liposomes stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol","volume":"148","author":"Suktham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024106","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/7\/2\/024106","article-title":"Degradable, click poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: Characterization of degradation and cellular compatibility","volume":"7","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00258-2","article-title":"Review of the oral toxicity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)","volume":"41","author":"DeMerlis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.10.088","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with different hydrolysis degree and chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde","volume":"28","author":"Mansur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Engi. C Biomim. Supramol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9869-1","article-title":"Electric field-controlled benzoic acid and sulphanilamide delivery from poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel","volume":"13","author":"Sittiwong","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9824-1","article-title":"Development and evaluation of sodium alginate-polyacrylamide graft-co-polymer-based stomach targeted hydrogels of famotidine","volume":"13","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"ANVISA (2010). Farmacopeia Brasileira, FioCruz."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.10.055","article-title":"Evaluation of astaxanthin incorporated collagen film developed from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis for wound healing and tissue regenerative applications","volume":"95","author":"Veeruraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-1955-9","article-title":"Amphotericin B","volume":"68","author":"Lemke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2012.1385","article-title":"Amphotericin B-Loaded Nanocarriers for Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Skin Permeation Studies","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9185-1","article-title":"DDSolver: An add-in program for modeling and comparison of drug dissolution profiles","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"ASTM (1996). Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.09.018","article-title":"Hyperbranched polyglycerol electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications","volume":"6","author":"Vargas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.003","article-title":"Topical amphotericin B in ultradeformable liposomes: Formulation, skin penetration study, antifungal and antileishmanial activity in vitro","volume":"139","author":"Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.07.004","article-title":"New amphotericin B-gamma cyclodextrin formulation for topical use with synergistic activity against diverse fungal species and Leishmania spp.","volume":"473","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"68","article-title":"In vitro sensitivity of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Brazilian isolates to meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B","volume":"15","author":"Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.8.1975","article-title":"A novel injectable water-soluble amphotericin B-arabinogalactan conjugate","volume":"43","author":"Falk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392006000200014","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels and hybrids for rMPB70 protein adsorption","volume":"9","author":"Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Moffat, A.C. (1986). Amphotericin. Clarke\u2019s Isolation and Identification of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-Mortem Material, Pharmaceutical Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, M., Liu, X., Meng, L., Wang, X., and Ren, J. (2018). Xylan-Based Hydrogels as a Potential Carrier for Drug Delivery: Effect of Pore-Forming Agents. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040261"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.09.004","article-title":"Hydrogels in controlled release formulations: Network design and mathematical modeling","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.04.014","article-title":"Effect of drug physicochemical properties on swelling\/deswelling kinetics and pulsatile drug release from thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels","volume":"98","author":"Coughlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00082-9","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of hydrogels from poly (vinyl alcohol) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride","volume":"42","author":"Ruiz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000100009","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic bacteria isolated from leishmaniotic ulcers in Corte de Pedra, BA","volume":"39","author":"Vera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90035-6","article-title":"A simple equation for description of solute release II. Fickian and anomalous release from swellable devices","volume":"5","author":"Ritger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.03.011","article-title":"Seeing is believing, PLGA microsphere degradation revealed in PLGA microsphere\/PVA hydrogel composites","volume":"228","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"24","article-title":"Preparing the wound bed 2003: Focus on infection and inflammation","volume":"49","author":"Sibbald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2009.02.010","article-title":"Electrospinning of gelatin and gelatin\/poly(l-lactide) blend and its characteristics for wound dressing","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00167-8","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a sponge-like asymmetric chitosan membrane as a wound dressing","volume":"22","author":"Mi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.012","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania major\/HIV co-infection in Cameroon: Results of a large cross-sectional study","volume":"106","author":"Ngouateu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania infection in adult HIV\/AIDS patients treated in a tertiary-level care center in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Neri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200501612","article-title":"Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology","volume":"18","author":"Peppas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.09.021","article-title":"Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"369","article-title":"Stimuli-Sensitive Hydrogels: An Excellent Carrier for Drug and Cell Delivery","volume":"30","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Baranoski, S., and Ayello, E.A. (2012). Wound Treatment Options. Wound Care Essentials: Practice Principles, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00197-8","article-title":"Sensitivities of Leishmania species to hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine), ET-18-OCH(3) (edelfosine) and amphotericin B","volume":"81","author":"Escobar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"ISO (2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for in Vitrocytotoxicity, International Organization for Standardization. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.5.2059","article-title":"Total blood volume in healthy young and older men","volume":"76","author":"Davy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.834-840.2002","article-title":"Plasma protein binding of amphotericin B and pharmacokinetics of bound versus unbound amphotericin B after administration of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B deoxycholate","volume":"46","author":"Bekersky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"141","article-title":"How can micelle systems be rebuilt by a heating process?","volume":"7","author":"Freire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00281a024","article-title":"Differences in the interaction of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B with cholesterol- or ergosterol-containing phospholipid vesicles. A circular dichroism and permeability study","volume":"22","author":"Bolard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.10.2310","article-title":"Effects of the aggregation state of amphotericin B on its toxicity to mice","volume":"36","author":"Barwicz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(82)90300-2","article-title":"Self-association of some polyene macrolide antibiotics in aqueous media","volume":"719","author":"Mazerski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(90)90305-8","article-title":"The effect of surfactants on the aggregation state of amphotericin B","volume":"1030","author":"Barwicz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Biomembr."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/11\/5\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:48:28Z","timestamp":1760186908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/11\/5\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics11050200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11050200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}}}