{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:44:44Z","timestamp":1767912284813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1C1B5015491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1C1B5015491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI15C1142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI15C1142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20001252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a posterior ocular disease, wet age-related macular degeneration (WAMD) has been known to be related to vision loss, accompanying ocular complications. The intravitreous injection of VEGF antibodies has been reported to be an effective treatment to relieve symptoms of WAMD. However, the limitations of this treatment are high costs and invasiveness. For this reason, oral delivery route can be considered as a cost-effective way and the safest method to deliver drug molecules to the eyes. Accordingly, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was included in the oral formulation as the potential substance for the cure of WAMD in the animal model. Various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects, have been reported for UDCA and recent reports support the effects of UDCA in ocular treatment. However, due to poor water solubility and low pKa (around 5.0), it has been challenging to formulate aqueous solution of UDCA in the neutral pH range. In the present study, we confirmed the aqueous solubility of the oral UDCA formulation and performed a preclinical study, including pharmacokinetic profiling and WAMD model efficacy study in mice after oral administration of the drug solution. The results demonstrated that the formulation improved bioavailability of UDCA and efficiently delivered UDCA to the eye tissues after oral absorption. UDCA formulation was found to have inhibitory effects of choroidal neovascularization with a functional recovery in mice retinas. Taken together, our results suggest that the oral UDCA formulation could be used as a potent supplement for the cure of WAMD and related retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11110561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Preclinical Evaluation of UDCA-Containing Oral Formulation in Mice for the Treatment of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pooja","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daseul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minki","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwi Jin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Yoo\u2019s Biopharm Inc., 96 Gamasan-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08501, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeong Ho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Yoo\u2019s Biopharm Inc., 96 Gamasan-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08501, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoonjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byul-Nim","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meong Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung Ah","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JaeWook","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Inje University, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.09.003","article-title":"Wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. 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