{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:38:28Z","timestamp":1792791508386,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002748","name":"British Columbia Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery Parks Applied Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Parks Applied Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008920","name":"University of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VP Research Faculty Recruitment and Retention Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VP Research Faculty Recruitment and Retention Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon is a vascular affliction resulting in pain and blanching of the skin caused by excessive and prolonged constriction of arterioles, usually due to cold exposure. Nifedipine is a vasodilatory calcium channel antagonist, which is used orally as the first-line pharmacological treatment to reduce the incidence and severity of attacks when other interventions fail to alleviate the condition and there is danger of tissue injury. Oral administration of nifedipine, however, is associated with systemic adverse effects, and thus topical administration with nifedipine locally to the extremities would be advantageous. However, nifedipine is subject to rapid photodegradation, which is problematic for exposed skin such as the hands. The goal of this project was to analyze the photostability of a novel topical nifedipine cream to UVA light. The effect of incorporating the photoprotectants rutin, quercetin, and\/or avobenzone (BMDBM) into the nifedipine cream on the stability of nifedipine to UVA light exposure and the appearance of degradation products of nifedipine was determined. Rutin and quercetin are flavonoids with antioxidant activity. Both have the potential to improve the photostability of nifedipine by a number of mechanisms that either quench the intermolecular electron transfer of the singlet excited dihydropyridine to the nitrobenzene group or by preventing photoexcitation of nifedipine. Rutin at either 0.1% or 0.5% (w\/w) did not improve the stability of nifedipine 2% (w\/w) in the cream after UVA exposure up to 3 h. Incorporation of quercetin at 0.5% (w\/w) did improve nifedipine stability from 40% (no quercetin) to 77% (with quercetin) of original drug concentration after 3 h UVA exposure. A combination of BMDBM and quercetin was the most effective photoprotectant for maintaining nifedipine concentration following up to 8 h UVA exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11110594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1573531627000},"page":"594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Development of a UV-Stabilized Topical Formulation of Nifedipine for the Treatment of Raynaud Phenomenon and Chilblains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ellen K.","family":"Wasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Poteet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munawar A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaweria","family":"Syeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Soulsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC V5G 3H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Cawthray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Bunyamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9732-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian M.","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2957-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed S.","family":"Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006389","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006389","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Garner","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507638","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon","volume":"375","author":"Wigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. 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