{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:01:12Z","timestamp":1793145672566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ADA Foundation, University of Navarra","award":["na"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["na"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Government of Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI045, PI068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI045, PI068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tropical Health Institute","award":["na"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["na"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral administration of dapsone (DAP) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is effective, although serious hematological side effects limit its use. In this study, we evaluated this drug for the topical treatment of CL. As efficacy depends on potency and skin penetration, we first determined its antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 100 \u03bcM) and selectivity index in vitro against Leishmania major-infected macrophages. In order to evaluate the skin penetration ex vivo, we compared an O\/W cream containing DAP that had been micronized with a pluronic lecithin emulgel, in which the drug was solubilized with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. For both formulations we obtained similar low flux values that increased when the stratum corneum and the epidermis were removed. In vivo efficacy studies performed on L. major-infected BALB\/c mice revealed that treatment not only failed to cure the lesions but made their evolution and appearance worse. High plasma drug levels were detected and were concomitant with anemia and iron accumulation in the spleen. This side effect was correlated with a reduction of parasite burden in this organ. Our results evidenced that DAP in these formulations does not have an adequate safety index for use in the topical therapy of CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11110607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of Skin Permeation and Retention of Topical Dapsone in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Navarro-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Sanmart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9687-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Irache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Socorro","family":"Espuelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). 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