{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:34:48Z","timestamp":1783470888300,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1440-113-166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1440-113-166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The FDA has approved tadalafil (TDL) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-associated symptoms. Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) has shown promise for the relief of prostatitis-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The aim was to improve TDL delivery to the prostate and assess the combined effect of TDL with a PSO-based formula in the management of BPH. PSO, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 200 were selected for the optimization of self nano-emulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS). The formed vesicles were assessed for their globule size and zeta potential. A rat in vivo study was carried out to investigate prostate weight and index, histopathology, and pharmacokinetics. The average globule size for the optimized TDL-PSO SNEDDS was 204.8 \u00b1 18.76 nm, with a zeta-potential value of 7.86 \u00b1 1.21 mV. TDL-PSO SNEDDS produced a marked drop in prostate weight by 35.51% and prostate index by 36.71% compared to the testosterone-only group. Pharmacokinetic data revealed a 2.3-fold increase of TDL concentration, from optimized TDL-PSO SNEDDS, in the prostate compared with the raw TDL group. This study indicated that the combination of TDL and PSO in an optimized TDL PSO SNEDDS formula improved the efficacy of TDL in the management of BPH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11120640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1575283845000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["RETRACTED: Attenuation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Optimized Tadalafil Loaded Pumpkin Seed Oil-Based Self Nanoemulsion: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil","family":"Alhakamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6094-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usama","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-381X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics &amp; Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2017.1367922","article-title":"Administration of daily 5 mg tadalafil improves endothelial function in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"21","author":"Amano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.2.136","article-title":"The role of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients affected by lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: A narrative review","volume":"88","author":"Damiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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