{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:12:16Z","timestamp":1793333536149,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the recent reports of World Health Organization, increased antibiotic resistance prevalence among bacteria represents the greatest challenge to human health. In addition, the poor solubility, stability, and side effects that lead to inefficiency of the current antibacterial therapy prompted the researchers to explore new innovative strategies to overcome such resilient microbes. Hence, novel antibiotic delivery systems are in high demand. Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest due to their favored physicochemical properties, drug targeting efficiency, enhanced uptake, and biodistribution. The present review focuses on the recent applications of organic (liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles), and inorganic (silver, silica, magnetic, zinc oxide (ZnO), cobalt, selenium, and cadmium) nanosystems in the domain of antibacterial delivery. We provide a concise description of the characteristics of each system that render it suitable as an antibacterial delivery agent. We also highlight the recent promising innovations used to overcome antibacterial resistance, including the use of lipid polymer nanoparticles, nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles, anti-microbial oligonucleotides, smart responsive materials, cationic peptides, and natural compounds. We further discuss the applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, combination drug therapy, nano antibiotic strategy, and phage therapy, and their impact on evading antibacterial resistance. Finally, we report on the formulations that made their way towards clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"title":["Nanomedicine Fight against Antibacterial Resistance: An Overview of the Recent Pharmaceutical Innovations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nermin E.","family":"Eleraky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayat","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"},{"name":"Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar B.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61768, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2017.21550","article-title":"The drug-resistant bacteria that pose the greatest health threats","volume":"543","author":"Willyard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1","article-title":"Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections\u2014United States","volume":"68","author":"Kourtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb. 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