{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:30:42Z","timestamp":1773397842223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors for several cancer types and the rapidly growing recognition that T cell-based immunotherapy significantly improves outcomes for cancer patients led to a re-emergence of cancer vaccines, including dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Blood and tissue biomarkers to identify responders and long-term survivors and to optimize cost and cost-effectiveness of treatment are greatly needed. We wanted to investigate whether blood eosinophilia is a predictive biomarker for patients with solid tumors receiving vaccinations with DCs loaded with autologous tumor-RNA. Methods: In total, 67 patients with metastatic solid tumors, who we treated with autologous monocyte-derived DCs transfected with total tumor mRNA, were serially analyzed for eosinophil counts and survival over the course of up to 14 years. Eosinophilic counts were performed on peripheral blood smears. Results: Up to 87% of the patients treated with DC-based immunotherapy experienced at least once an eosinophilia of \u2265 5% after initiation of therapy; 61 % reached levels of \u2265 10% eosinophils, and 13% of patients showed eosinophil counts of 20% or above. While prevaccination eosinophil levels were not associated with survival, patients with blood eosinophilia at any point after initiation of DC-based immunotherapy showed a trend towards longer survival. There was a statistically significant difference for the patients with eosinophil counts of 20% or more (p = 0.03). In those patients, survival was prolonged to a median of 58 months (range 2\u2013111 months), compared to a median of 20 months (range 0\u2013119 months) in patients with lower eosinophil counts. In 12% of the patients, an immediate increase in eosinophil count of at least 10 percentage points could be detected after the first vaccine, which also appeared to correlate with survival (65 vs. 24 months; p = 0.06). Conclusion: Blood eosinophilia appears to be an early, on-therapy biomarker in patients with solid tumors undergoing vaccination with RNA-transfected DC, specifically autologous tumor mRNA-transfected DC vaccines, and it correlates with long-term patient outcome. Eosinophilia should be systematically investigated in future trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T07:50:53Z","timestamp":1583135453000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Blood Eosinophilia Is an on-Treatment Biomarker in Patients with Solid Tumors Undergoing Dendritic Cell Vaccination with Autologous Tumor-RNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Erdmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verona","family":"Vass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8653-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Schuler-Thurner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.12.007","article-title":"Re-Emergence of Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2019.09.001","article-title":"Automated Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from a complete apheresis product using a hollow-fiber bioreactor system overcomes a major hurdle in the manufacture of dendritic cells for cancer vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Uslu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02804","article-title":"Current State of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Opportunities for in vitro Antigen Loading of Different DC Subsets?","volume":"9","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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