{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:28:17Z","timestamp":1788560897871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 has been shown to regulate many cellular functions including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis in a variety of tissues, including skin, blood vessel, muscle, adipose, tendon\/ligament, cartilage, bone, tooth, and nerve. These multiple functions make FGF-2 an attractive component for wound healing and tissue engineering constructs; however, the stability of FGF-2 is widely accepted to be a major concern for the development of useful medicinal products. Many approaches have been reported in the literature for preserving the biological activity of FGF-2 in aqueous solutions. Most of these efforts were directed at sustaining FGF-2 activity for cell culture research, with a smaller number of studies seeking to develop sustained release formulations of FGF-2 for tissue engineering applications. The stabilisation approaches may be classified into the broad classes of ionic interaction modification with excipients, chemical modification, and physical adsorption and encapsulation with carrier materials. This review discusses the underlying causes of FGF-2 instability and provides an overview of the approaches reported in the literature for stabilising FGF-2 that may be relevant for clinical applications. Although efforts have been made to stabilise FGF-2 for both in vitro and in vivo applications with varying degrees of success, the lack of comprehensive published stability data for the final FGF-2 products represents a substantial gap in the current knowledge, which has to be addressed before viable products for wider tissue engineering applications can be developed to meet regulatory authorisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1591157529000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Fibroblast Growth Factor 2\u2014A Review of Stabilisation Approaches for Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Benington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunesh","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Locher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Yong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00207-0","article-title":"Accelerated tissue regeneration through incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor-impregnated gelatin microspheres into artificial dermis","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.05.032","article-title":"Basic fibroblast growth factor suspended in Matrigel improves titanium implant fixation in ovariectomized rats","volume":"139","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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