{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:19:02Z","timestamp":1790014742292,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ateneo 2019 (prot. RM11916B8876093E) (Ateneo 2018 prot. RM118164361B425B)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2019 (prot. RM11916B8876093E) (Ateneo 2018 prot. RM118164361B425B)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain infections as meningitis and encephalitis are attracting a great interest. Challenges in the treatment of these diseases are mainly represented by the blood brain barrier (BBB) that impairs the efficient delivery of even very potent drugs to reach the brain. The nose to the brain administration route, is a non-invasive alternative for a quick onset of action, and enables the transport of numerous medicinal agents straight to the brain thus workarounding the BBB through the highly vascularized olfactory region. In this report, Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) were selected to be included in chitosan coated nanoemulsions (NEs). The EOs were firstly analyzed to determine their chemical composition, then used to prepare NEs, that were deeply characterized in order to evaluate their use in intranasal administration. An in vitro evaluation against a collection of clinical isolated bacterial strains was carried out for both free and nanoemulsioned EOs. Chitosan coated NEs showed to be a potential and effective intranasal formulation against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative microorganisms including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12070678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1595394630000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Antimicrobial Essential Oil Formulation: Chitosan Coated Nanoemulsions for Nose to Brain Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Rome Center for Molecular Design, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Imbriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia N.","family":"Hanieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio M.","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Claudia","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Arnaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Rome Center for Molecular Design, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Di Timoteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Rome Center for Molecular Design, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Marianecci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rino","family":"Ragno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Carafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0059-8","article-title":"Nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis in neurocritical care patients","volume":"255","author":"Beer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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