{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1790042638382,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapamycin has been used topically to treat facial angiofibromas associated with tuberous sclerosis for more than a decade. In the absence of a commercial form, a large number of formulations have been clinically tested. However, given the great heterogeneity of these studies, particularly with regard to the response criteria, it was difficult to know the impact and thus to compare the relevance of the formulations used. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the link between the diffusion of rapamycin and the physico-chemical characteristics of these different formulations on Strat-M\u00ae membranes as well as on human skin using Franz cells. Our results underline the importance of the type of vehicle used (hydrogel &gt; cream &gt; lipophilic ointment), the soluble state of rapamycin and its concentration close to saturation to ensure maximum thermodynamic activity. Thus, this is the first time that a comparative study of the different rapamycin formulations identified in the literature for the management of facial angiofibromas has been carried out using a pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical approach. It highlights the important parameters to be considered in the development and optimization of topical rapamycin formulations with regard to cutaneous absorption for clinical efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T19:03:37Z","timestamp":1604862217000},"page":"1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of the In Vitro and Ex Vivo Permeation of Existing Topical Formulations Used in the Treatment of Facial Angiofibroma and Characterization of the Variations Observed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Le Guyader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, CHI Creteil, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Mat\u00e9riaux et Sant\u00e9, 92296 Ch\u00e2tenay-Malabry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoire","family":"Vieillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Andrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, EpidermE, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.001","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: Recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference","volume":"49","author":"Northrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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