{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:34Z","timestamp":1772252974099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intricate formulation methods and\/or the use of sophisticated equipment limit the prevalence of liposomal dosage-forms. Simple techniques are developed to assemble amphiphiles into globular lamellae while transiting from the immiscible organic to the aqueous phase. Various parameters are optimized by injecting chloroform solution of amphiphiles into the aqueous phase and subsequent removal of the organic phase. Further simplification is achieved by reorienting amphiphiles through a spontaneous phase transition in a swirling biphasic system during evaporation of the organic phase under vacuum. Although the chloroform injection yields smaller Z-average and poly-dispersity-index the spontaneous phase transition method overrides simplicity and productivity. The increasing solid\/solvent ratios results in higher Z-average and broader poly-dispersity-index of liposomes under a given set of experimental conditions, and vice versa. Surface charge dependent large unilamellar vesicles with a narrow distribution have poly-dispersity-index &lt; 0.4 in 10 \u03bcM saline. As small and monodisperse liposomes are prerequisites in targeted drug delivery strategies, hence the desired Z-average &lt; 200 d.nm and poly-dispersity-index &lt; 0.15 is obtained through the serial membrane-filtration method. Phosphatidylcholine\/water 4 \u03bcmol\/mL is achieved at a temperature of 10\u00b0C below the phase-transition temperature of phospholipids, ensuring suitability for thermolabile entities and high entrapment efficiency. Both methods furnish the de-novo rearrangement of amphiphiles into globular lamellae, aiding in the larger entrapped volume. The immiscible organic phase benefits from its faster and complete removal from the final product. High cholesterol content (55.6 mol%) imparts stability in primary hydration medium at 5 \u00b1 3 \u00b0C for 6 months in light-protected type-1 glass vials. Collectively, the reported methods are novel, scalable and time-efficient, yielding high productivity in simple equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chloroform-Injection (CI) and Spontaneous-Phase-Transition (SPT) Are Novel Methods, Simplifying the Fabrication of Liposomes with Versatile Solution to Cholesterol Content and Size Distribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ijaz Khan","family":"Khattak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi 23561, KPK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2715-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Farooq","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasir Mehmood","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad Postcode 4400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gul Majid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00166-2","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and properties of sterically stabilized paclitaxel-containing liposomes","volume":"63","author":"Crosasso","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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