{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:15:09Z","timestamp":1789089309978,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009381","name":"International Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPI-02-2019(21)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPI-02-2019(21)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary aspergillosis (PA), a pulmonary fungal infection caused by Aspergillus spp., is a concern for immunocompromised populations. Despite substantial research efforts, conventional treatments of PA using antifungal agents are associated with limitations such as excessive systemic exposure, serious side effects and limited availability of the therapeutics in the lungs for an adequate duration. To overcome the limitations associated with the conventional regimens, pulmonary delivery of antifungal agents has become a focal point of research because of the superiority of local and targeted drug delivery. Dry powder inhalers and nebulized formulations of antifungal agents have been developed and evaluated for their capability to effectively deliver antifungal agents to the lungs. Moreover, progress in nanotechnology and the utilization of nanocarriers in the development of pulmonary delivery formulations has allowed further augmentation of treatment capability and efficiency. Thus, the following review provides an insight into the advantages and therapeutic potential of the utilization of nanocarriers in pulmonary delivery of antifungal agents for the treatment of PA. In addition, discussions on formulation aspects and safety concerns together with the clinical and regulatory aspects of the formulations are presented, which suggest the possibility and desirability of utilization of nanocarriers in the treatment of PA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:55:31Z","timestamp":1606686931000},"page":"1161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Critical Review on Emerging Trends in Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Aspergillosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen Nam","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Guang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teerapol","family":"Srichana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallikarjuna Rao","family":"Pichika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bapi","family":"Gorain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DMIH2-0029\u20132016","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0029-2016","article-title":"Lower Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"4","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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