{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:26:24Z","timestamp":1790767584045,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on structural data on the nasal cavity and brain of the cynomolgus monkey, species differences in the olfactory bulb and cribriform plate were discussed from the viewpoint of direct delivery from the nose to the brain. Structural 3D data on the cynomolgus monkey skull were obtained using X-ray computed tomography. The dimensions of the nasal cavity of the cynomolgus monkey were 5 mm width \u00d7 20 mm height \u00d7 60 mm depth. The nasal cavity was very narrow and the olfactory region was far from the nostrils, similar to rats and humans. The weight and size of the monkey brain were 70 g and 55 mm width \u00d7 40 mm height \u00d7 70 mm depth. The olfactory bulb of monkeys is plate-like, while that of humans and rats is bulbar, suggesting that the olfactory area connected with the brain of monkeys is narrow. Although the structure of the monkey nasal cavity is similar to that of humans, the size and shape of the olfactory bulb are different, which is likely to result in low estimation of direct delivery from the nose to the brain in monkeys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1608523921000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Brain and Nasal Cavity Anatomy of the Cynomolgus Monkey: Species Differences from the Viewpoint of Direct Delivery from the Nose to the Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Toshiyasu","family":"Sakane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi 4-19-1, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachi","family":"Okabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Drug Research Center Inc., Minatojimaminami-machi 7-1-14, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi 4-19-1, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Furubayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi 4-19-1, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The Blood\u2013Brain Barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0405-9","article-title":"Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery to the Brain","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00991","article-title":"Delivery of Oxytocin to the Brain for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Nasal Application","volume":"15","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00571","article-title":"Transnasal Delivery of the Peptide Agonist Specific to Neuromedin-U Receptor 2 to the Brain for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0114-9","article-title":"Enhanced brain targeting efficiency of intranasally administered plasmid DNA: An alternative route for brain gene therapy","volume":"85","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2009.02.001","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of cells to the brain","volume":"88","author":"Danielyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu-Taeger, L., Stricker-Shaver, J., Arnold, K., Bambynek-Dziuk, P., Novati, A., Singer, E., Lourhmati, A., Fabian, C., Magg, J., and Riess, O. (2019). Intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates the abnormal dopamine transmission system and inflammatory reaction in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060595"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718754561","article-title":"The route by which intranasally delivered stem cells enter the central nervous system","volume":"27","author":"Galeano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2013). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Greene, C.G. (1963). Anatomy of the Rat, Hafner Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mai, J., Majtanik, M., and Paxinos, G. (2015). Atlas of the Human Brain, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"DeArmond, S.J., Fusco, M.M., and Dewey, M.M. (1989). Structure of the Human Brain: A Photographic Atlas, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.13.4185","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of progesterone after its administration to ovariectomized rhesus monkeys by injection, infusion, or nasal spraying","volume":"79","author":"Kumar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860601029496","article-title":"Nose-to-brain delivery of TS-002, prostaglandin D2 analogue","volume":"15","author":"Yamada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.013","article-title":"Delivery of interferon-beta to the monkey nervous system following intranasal administration","volume":"152","author":"Thorne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2613-8","article-title":"Direct drug delivery of low-permeable compounds to the central nervous system via intranasal administration in rats and monkeys","volume":"36","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0602-849","article-title":"Sniffing neuropeptides: A transnasal approach to the human brain","volume":"5","author":"Born","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.14.41","article-title":"The nasal approach to delivering treatment for brain diseases: An anatomic, physiologic, and delivery technology overview","volume":"5","author":"Djupesland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therap. Deliv."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/12\/12\/1227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:43Z","timestamp":1760179603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/12\/12\/1227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics12121227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121227","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}