{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1787679051908,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099597-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099597-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RETICS Oftared, RD16\/0008\/0003 y RD12\/0034\/0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RETICS Oftared, RD16\/0008\/0003 y RD12\/0034\/0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC2013\/015 and GPC2017\/015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC2013\/015 and GPC2017\/015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uveitis is a vision inflammatory disorder with a high prevalence in developing countries. Currently, marketed treatments remain limited and reformulation is usually performed to obtain a tacrolimus eye drop as a therapeutic alternative in corticosteroid-refractory eye disease. The aim of this work was to develop a mucoadhesive, non-toxic and stable topical ophthalmic formulation that can be safely prepared in hospital pharmacy departments. Four different ophthalmic formulations were prepared based on the tacrolimus\/hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (HP\u03b2CD) inclusion complexes\u2019 formation. Phase solubility diagrams, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and molecular modeling studies showed the formation of 1:1 and 1:2 tacrolimus\/HP\u03b2CD inclusion complexes, being possible to obtain a 0.02% (w\/v) tacrolimus concentration by using 40% (w\/v) HP\u03b2CD aqueous solutions. Formulations also showed good ophthalmic properties in terms of pH, osmolality and safety. Stability studies proved these formulations to be stable for at least 3 months in refrigeration. Ex vivo bioadhesion and in vivo ocular permanence showed good mucoadhesive properties with higher ocular permanence compared to the reference pharmacy compounding used in clinical settings (t1\/2 of 86.2 min for the eyedrop elaborated with 40% (w\/v) HP\u03b2CD and Liquifilm\u00ae versus 46.3 min for the reference formulation). Thus, these novel eye drops present high potential as a safe alternative for uveitis treatment, as well as a versatile composition to include new drugs intended for topical ophthalmic administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Development and Characterization of a Tacrolimus\/Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Eye Drop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8351-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xurxo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Otero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Molecular Imaging Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"D\u00edaz-Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Varela-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mart\u00edn-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Research Infrastructures Area, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Blanco-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Mondelo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department\u2013CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Clinical University Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties and CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7348-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anxo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Otero-Espinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.06.005","article-title":"Understanding uveitis: The impact of research on visual outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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