{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:59:20Z","timestamp":1776182360722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The ministry of trade, Industry &amp; Energy, South Korea","award":["10067809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10067809"]}]},{"name":"Korea Research Foundation","award":["NFR-2019R1A6A1A3032869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFR-2019R1A6A1A3032869"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although smallpox has been eradicated globally, the potential use of the smallpox virus in bioterrorism indicates the importance of stockpiling smallpox vaccines. Considering the advantages of microneedle-based vaccination over conventional needle injections, in this study, we examined the feasibility of microneedle-based smallpox vaccination as an alternative approach for stockpiling smallpox vaccines. We prepared polylactic acid (PLA) microneedle array patches by micromolding and loaded a second-generation smallpox vaccine on the microneedle tips via dip coating. We evaluated the effect of excipients and drying conditions on vaccine stability in vitro and examined immune responses in female BALB\/c mice by measuring neutralizing antibodies and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3-secreting cells. Approximately 40% of the virus titer was reduced during the vaccine-coating process, with or without excipients. At \u221220 \u00b0C, the smallpox vaccine coated on the microneedles was stable up to 6 months. Compared to natural evaporation, vacuum drying was more efficient in improving the smallpox vaccine stability. Microneedle-based vaccination of the mice elicited neutralizing antibodies beginning 3 weeks after immunization; the levels were maintained for 12 weeks. It significantly increased IFN-\u03b3-secreting cells 12 weeks after priming, indicating the induction of cellular immune responses. The smallpox-vaccine-coated microneedles could serve as an alternative delivery system for vaccination and stockpiling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Live Vaccinia Virus-Coated Microneedle Array Patches for Smallpox Vaccination and Stockpiling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"In-Jeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QuadMedicine R&amp;D Centre, QuadMedicine, Inc., Seongnam 13209, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Ran","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ki","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QuadMedicine R&amp;D Centre, QuadMedicine, Inc., Seongnam 13209, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5273-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Myun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2415-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-O","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QuadMedicine R&amp;D Centre, QuadMedicine, Inc., Seongnam 13209, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1175305","article-title":"Defending against smallpox: A focus on vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Voigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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