{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:37:25Z","timestamp":1769503045317,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2017-83858-C2-1 and MAT2017-83858-C2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2017-83858-C2-1 and MAT2017-83858-C2-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rio Hortega Research Grant","award":["M17\/00213, PI17\/01726, PI17\/01946 (Carlos III Health Institute)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M17\/00213, PI17\/01726, PI17\/01946 (Carlos III Health Institute)"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII-FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d RETICS Oftared","award":["RD16\/0008\/0004, RD16\/0008\/0009, and RD16\/0008\/029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0004, RD16\/0008\/0009, and RD16\/0008\/029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive degeneration of neuroretinal tissue with maintained elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to simulate chronic glaucoma was produced by intracameral injections of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (Ms) in rat eyes. The right eye of 39 rats received different sizes of PLGA-Ms (2 \u00b5L suspension; 10% w\/v): 14 with 38\u201320 \u00b5m Ms (Ms38\/20 model) and 25 with 20\u201310 \u00b5m particles (Ms20\/10 model). This novel glaucoma animal model was compared to the episcleral vein sclerosis (EPI) model (25 eyes). Injections were performed at baseline, two, four and six weeks. Clinical signs, IOP, retina and optic nerve thicknesses (using in vivo optical coherence tomography; OCT), and histological studies were performed. An IOP increment was observed in all three groups, however, the values obtained from the PLGA-Ms injection resulted lower with a better preservation of the ocular surface. In fact, the injection of Ms20\/10 created a gentler, more progressive, and more sustained increase in IOP. This IOP alteration was correlated with a significant decrease in most OCT parameters and in histological ganglion-cell count for the three conditions throughout the eight-week follow-up. In all cases, progressive degeneration of the retina, retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve, simulating chronic glaucoma, was detected by OCT and corroborated by histological study. Results showed an alternative glaucoma model to the well-known episcleral vein model, which was simpler to perform, more reproducible and easier to monitor in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Novel Use of PLGA Microspheres to Create an Animal Model of Glaucoma with Progressive Neuroretinal Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Garcia-Herranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Subias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Martinez-Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mendez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Bravo-Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Ruberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Garcia-Feijoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Oftalmolog\u00eda y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Garcia-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Herrero-Vanrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S186526","article-title":"Investigation of intraocular pressure fluctuation as a risk factor of glaucoma progression","volume":"13","author":"Matlach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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