{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:12:24Z","timestamp":1791893544181,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complementary and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are not currently part of the conventional medical system. As the popularity of and global market for herbal medicine grows among all age groups, with supporting scientific data and clinical trials, specific alternative treatments such as herbal medicine can be reclassified as a practice of conventional medicine. One of the most common conditions for which adults use herbal medicine is pain. However, herbal medicines carry safety concerns and may impact the efficacy of conventional therapies. Unfortunately, mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and their use is unregulated and often underreported to medical professionals. This review aims to compile common and available herbal medicines which can be used as an alternative to or in combination with conventional pain management approaches. Efficacy and safety are assessed through clinical studies on pain relief. Ensuing herb\u2013drug interactions such as cytochrome modulation, additive and synergistic effects, and contraindications are discussed. While self-management has been recognized as part of the overall treatment strategy for patients suffering from chronic pain, it is important for practitioners to be able to also optimize and integrate herbal medicine and, if warranted, other complementary and alternative medicines into their care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Herbal Medicine for Pain Management: Efficacy and Drug Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Behdad","family":"Jahromi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia","family":"Pirvulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Candido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8028-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebojsa Nick","family":"Knezevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1569","article-title":"Trends in Alternative Medicine Use in the United States, 1990\u20131997: Results of a Follow-up National Survey","volume":"280","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200112000-00010","article-title":"Alternative Therapies for the Management of Pain in Labor and Delivery","volume":"44","author":"Gentz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. 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